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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has emerged as a powerful learn-to-reason paradigm for large reasoning models to tackle complex tasks. However, the current RLVR paradigm is still not efficient enough, as it works in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junjie Zhang , Guozheng Ma , Shunyu Liu , Haoyu Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Ting-En Lin , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Large language models (LLMs) can act as both problem solvers and solution verifiers, where the latter select high-quality answers from a pool of solver-generated candidates. This raises the question of under what conditions verification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jack Lu , Ryan Teehan , Jinran Jin , Mengye Ren

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a transformative approach for aligning and enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), addressing critical challenges in instruction following, ethical alignment, and reasoning capabilities. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Saksham Sahai Srivastava , Vaneet Aggarwal

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for downstream tasks typically exhibit a fundamental safety-capability tradeoff, where improving task performance degrades safety alignment even on benign datasets. This degradation persists across…

Reinforcement learning (RL) to improve code review comment generation requires handling unstructured outputs, making reinforcement learning (RL) feedback challenging. The two main RL approaches, namely RL with Verifiable Feedback (RLVR) and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manav Nitin Kapadnis , Atharva Naik , Carolyn Rose

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) replaces costly human labeling with automated verifiers. To reduce verifier hacking, many RLVR systems binarize rewards to $\{0,1\}$, but imperfect verifiers inevitably introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xin-Qiang Cai , Wei Wang , Feng Liu , Tongliang Liu , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama

Code verifiers play a critical role in post-verification for LLM-based code generation, yet existing supervised fine-tuning methods suffer from data scarcity, high failure rates, and poor inference efficiency. While reinforcement learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Ji Shi , Peiming Guo , Meishan Zhang , Miao Zhang , Xuebo Liu , Min Zhang , Weili Guan

The ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow user instructions is central to their reliability, safety, and usefulness. While prior studies assess instruction adherence in the model's main responses, we argue that it is also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Yongchan Kwon , Shang Zhu , Federico Bianchi , Kaitlyn Zhou , James Zou

One core capability of large language models (LLMs) is to follow natural language instructions. However, the issue of automatically constructing high-quality training data to enhance the complex instruction-following abilities of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Guanting Dong , Keming Lu , Chengpeng Li , Tingyu Xia , Bowen Yu , Chang Zhou , Jingren Zhou

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) plays a key role in stimulating the explicit reasoning capability of Large Language Models (LLMs). We can achieve expert-level performance in some specific domains via RLVR, such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Haoqing Wang , Xiang Long , Ziheng Li , Yilong Xu , Tingguang Li , Yehui Tang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been an effective approach for improving Large Language Models' reasoning in domains such as coding and mathematics. Here, we apply RLVR methods towards forecasting future real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Benjamin Turtel , Danny Franklin , Kris Skotheim , Luke Hewitt , Philipp Schoenegger

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) improves reasoning in large language models but treats all correct solutions equally, potentially reinforcing flawed traces that get correct answers by chance. We observe that better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tiehua Mei , Minxuan Lv , Leiyu Pan , Zhenpeng Su , Hongru Hou , Hengrui Chen , Ao Xu , Deqing Yang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) succeeds in reasoning tasks (e.g., math and code) by checking the final verifiable answer (i.e., a verifiable dot signal). However, extending this paradigm to open-ended generation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Qiyuan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lifeng Shang

In recent years, training methods centered on Reinforcement Learning (RL) have markedly enhanced the reasoning and alignment performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly in understanding human intents, following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Keliang Liu , Dingkang Yang , Ziyun Qian , Weijie Yin , Yuchi Wang , Hongsheng Li , Jun Liu , Peng Zhai , Yang Liu , Lihua Zhang

Recent advancements in test time compute, particularly through the use of verifier models, have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). This generator-verifier approach closely resembles the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Jianing Qi , Hao Tang , Zhigang Zhu

Recent advancements in long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, particularly through the Group Relative Policy Optimization algorithm used by DeepSeek-R1, have led to significant interest in the potential of Reinforcement Learning with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Xumeng Wen , Zihan Liu , Shun Zheng , Shengyu Ye , Zhirong Wu , Yang Wang , Zhijian Xu , Xiao Liang , Junjie Li , Ziming Miao , Jiang Bian , Mao Yang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently demonstrated notable success in enhancing the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), particularly on mathematics and programming tasks. Similar to how…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yang Yue , Zhiqi Chen , Rui Lu , Andrew Zhao , Zhaokai Wang , Yang Yue , Shiji Song , Gao Huang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has become a powerful tool for enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) by optimizing their policies with reward signals. Yet, RL's success relies on the reliability of rewards, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zhangchen Xu , Yuetai Li , Fengqing Jiang , Bhaskar Ramasubramanian , Luyao Niu , Bill Yuchen Lin , Radha Poovendran

A crucial factor for successful human and AI interaction is the ability of language models or chatbots to follow human instructions precisely. A common feature of instructions are output constraints like ``only answer with yes or no" or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Valentina Pyatkin , Saumya Malik , Victoria Graf , Hamish Ivison , Shengyi Huang , Pradeep Dasigi , Nathan Lambert , Hannaneh Hajishirzi

The recent paradigm shift towards training large language models (LLMs) using DeepSeek-R1-Zero-style reinforcement learning (RL) on verifiable rewards has led to impressive advancements in code and mathematical reasoning. However, this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiangxin Zhou , Zichen Liu , Anya Sims , Haonan Wang , Tianyu Pang , Chongxuan Li , Liang Wang , Min Lin , Chao Du