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For a decentralized and transparent society, blockchain technology has been developed. Along with this, quite a few consensus algorithms that are one of core technologies in blockchain have been proposed. Among them, we analyze a consensus…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Geunwoo Lim , Yujin Kwon , Yongdae Kim

Proof-of-stake blockchains require consensus protocols that support Dynamic Availability and Reconfiguration (so-called DAR setting), where the former means that the consensus protocol should remain live even if a large number of nodes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Joachim Neu , Javier Nieto , Ling Ren

In this paper, we propose a trust-centric privacy-preserving blockchain for dynamic spectrum access in IoT networks. To be specific, we propose a trust evaluation mechanism to evaluate the trustworthiness of sensing nodes and design a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Jingwei Ye , Xin Kang , Ying-Chang Liang , Sumei Sun

Transaction throughput, confirmation latency and confirmation reliability are fundamental performance measures of any blockchain system in addition to its security. In a decentralized setting, these measures are limited by two underlying…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Vivek Bagaria , Sreeram Kannan , David Tse , Giulia Fanti , Pramod Viswanath

An urgent demand of deploying BFT consensus over the Internet is raised for implementing blockchain services. The deterministic (partial) synchronous protocols can be simple and fast in good network conditions, but are subject to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Yuan Lu , Zhenliang Lu , Qiang Tang

This technical report describes the implementation of Toychain: a simple, lightweight blockchain implemented in Python, designed for ease of deployment and practicality in robotics research. It can be integrated with various software and…

Blockchain consensus is a state whereby each node in a network agrees on the current state of the blockchain. Existing protocols achieve consensus via a contest or voting procedure to select one node as a dictator to propose new blocks.…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2022-06-22 Joshua S. Gans , Richard Holden

Consensus protocols used today in blockchains often rely on computational power or financial stakes - scarce resources. We propose a novel protocol using social capital - trust and influence from social interactions - as a non-transferable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Juraj Mariani , Ivan Homoliak

We consider the problem of varying the security of blockchain transactions according to their importance. This adaptive security is achieved by using variable size consensus committees. To improve performance, such committees function…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-08-01 Shishir Rai , Kendric Hood , Mikhail Nesterenko , Gokarna Sharma

The increasing demand for scalable blockchain has driven research into parallel execution models for smart contracts. Crystality is a novel smart contract programming language designed for parallel Ethereum Virtual Machines (EVMs), enabling…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ziyun Xu , Hao Wang , Meng Sun

Blockchain systems face persistent challenges of scalability, latency, and energy inefficiency. Existing consensus protocols such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) either consume excessive resources or risk centralization.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-06 M. Z. Haider , M. U Ghouri , Tayyaba Noreen , M. Salman

We improve the fundamental security threshold of eventual consensus Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain protocols under the longest-chain rule by showing, for the first time, the positive effect of rounds with concurrent honest leaders. Current…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-30 Aggelos Kiayias , Saad Quader , Alexander Russell

Modern blockchains guarantee that submitted transactions will be included eventually; a property formally known as liveness. But financial activity requires transactions to be included in a timely manner. Unfortunately, classical liveness…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-06-27 Elijah Fox , Mallesh Pai , Max Resnick

This thesis introduces a formal general framework for scaling blockchain protocols by sharding. The framework is modular and it can be adjusted for different needs or sets of assumptions. We prove that sharded protocols obtained by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Zuphit Fidelman

Anonymous microblogging systems are known to be vulnerable to intersection attacks due to network churn. An adversary that monitors all communications can leverage the churn to learn who is publishing what with increasing confidence over…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Sarah Abdelwahab Gaballah , Thanh Hoang Long Nguyen , Lamya Abdullah , Ephraim Zimmer , Max Mühlhäuser

Optimistic responsiveness -- the ability of a consensus protocol to operate at the speed of the network -- is widely used in consensus protocol design to optimize latency and throughput. However, blockchain applications incentivize…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Kaya Alpturer , Kushal Babel , Aditya Saraf

A typical blockchain protocol uses consensus to make sure that mutually mistrusting users agree on the order in which their operations on shared data are executed. However, it is known that asset transfer systems, by far the most popular…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Andrei Tonkikh , Pavel Ponomarev , Petr Kuznetsov , Yvonne-Anne Pignolet

Antimony is a high-level, human-readable text-based language designed for defining and sharing models in the systems biology community. It enables scientists to describe biochemical networks and systems using a simple and intuitive syntax.…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-05-27 Lucian Smith , Herbert M Sauro

Currently, one of the most widely used protocols to secure cryptocurrency assets in centralized exchanges is categorizing wallets into cold and hot. While cold wallets hold user deposits, hot} wallets are responsible for addressing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Shahriar Ebrahimi , Parisa Hasanizadeh , Seyed Mohammad Aghamirmohammadali , Amirali Akbari

The DFINITY blockchain computer provides a secure, performant and flexible consensus mechanism. At its core, DFINITY contains a decentralized randomness beacon which acts as a verifiable random function (VRF) that produces a stream of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-05-15 Timo Hanke , Mahnush Movahedi , Dominic Williams