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IceCube-Gen2, the extension of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, will feature three main components: an optical array in the deep ice, a large-scale radio array in the shallow ice and firn, and a surface detector above the optical array.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-09-21 Frank G. Schroeder

The Surface Enhancement of the IceTop air-shower array will include the addition of radio antennas and scintillator panels, co-located with the existing ice-Cherenkov tanks and covering an area of about 1 km$^2$. Together, these will…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-10-25 R. Abbasi , M. Ackermann , J. Adams , J. A. Aguilar , M. Ahlers , M. Ahrens , J. M. Alameddine , A. A. Alves , N. M. Amin , K. Andeen , T. Anderson , G. Anton , C. Argüelles , Y. Ashida , S. Axani , X. Bai , A. Balagopal V. , S. W. Barwick , B. Bastian , V. Basu , S. Baur , R. Bay , J. J. Beatty , K. -H. Becker , J. Becker Tjus , J. Beise , C. Bellenghi , S. Benda , S. BenZvi , D. Berley , E. Bernardini , D. Z. Besson , G. Binder , D. Bindig , E. Blaufuss , S. Blot , M. Boddenberg , F. Bontempo , J. Y. Book , J. Borowka , S. Böser , O. Botner , J. Böttcher , E. Bourbeau , F. Bradascio , J. Braun , B. Brinson , S. Bron , J. Brostean-Kaiser , R. T. Burley , R. S. Busse , M. A. Campana , E. G. Carnie-Bronca , C. Chen , Z. Chen , D. Chirkin , K. Choi , B. A. Clark , K. Clark , L. Classen , A. Coleman , G. H. Collin , A. Connolly , J. M. Conrad , P. Coppin , P. Correa , D. F. Cowen , R. Cross , C. Dappen , P. Dave , C. De Clercq , J. J. DeLaunay , D. Delgado López , H. Dembinski , K. Deoskar , A. Desai , P. Desiati , K. D. de Vries , G. de Wasseige , M. de With , T. DeYoung , A. Diaz , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , M. Dittmer , H. Dujmovic , M. Dunkman , M. A. DuVernois , T. Ehrhardt , P. Eller , R. Engel , H. Erpenbeck , J. Evans , P. A. Evenson , K. L. Fan , A. R. Fazely , A. Fedynitch , N. Feigl , S. Fiedlschuster , A. T. Fienberg , C. Finley , L. Fischer , D. Fox , A. Franckowiak , E. Friedman , A. Fritz , P. Fürst , T. K. Gaisser , J. Gallagher , E. Ganster , A. Garcia , S. Garrappa , L. Gerhardt , A. Ghadimi , C. Glaser , T. Glauch , T. Glüsenkamp , N. Goehlke , J. G. Gonzalez , S. Goswami , D. Grant , T. Grégoire , S. Griswold , C. Günther , P. Gutjahr , C. Haack , A. Hallgren , R. Halliday , L. Halve , F. Halzen , M. Ha Minh , K. Hanson , J. Hardin , A. A. Harnisch , A. Haungs , D. Hebecker , K. Helbing , F. Henningsen , E. C. Hettinger , S. Hickford , J. Hignight , C. Hill , G. C. Hill , K. D. Hoffman , K. Hoshina , W. Hou , F. Huang , M. Huber , T. Huber , K. Hultqvist , M. Hünnefeld , R. Hussain , K. Hymon , S. In , N. Iovine , A. Ishihara , M. Jansson , G. S. Japaridze , M. Jeong , M. Jin , B. J. P. Jones , D. Kang , W. Kang , X. Kang , A. Kappes , D. Kappesser , L. Kardum , T. Karg , M. Karl , A. Karle , U. Katz , M. Kauer , M. Kellermann , J. L. Kelley , A. Kheirandish , K. Kin , T. Kintscher , J. Kiryluk , S. R. Klein , A. Kochocki , R. Koirala , H. Kolanoski , T. Kontrimas , L. Köpke , C. Kopper , S. Kopper , D. J. Koskinen , P. Koundal , M. Kovacevich , M. Kowalski , T. Kozynets , E. Krupczak , E. Kun , N. Kurahashi , N. Lad , C. Lagunas Gualda , J. L. Lanfranchi , M. J. Larson , F. Lauber , J. P. Lazar , J. W. Lee , K. Leonard , A. Leszczyńska , Y. Li , M. Lincetto , Q. R. Liu , M. Liubarska , E. Lohfink , C. J. Lozano Mariscal , L. Lu , F. Lucarelli , A. Ludwig , W. Luszczak , Y. Lyu , W. Y. Ma , J. Madsen , K. B. M. Mahn , Y. Makino , S. Mancina , I. C. Mariş , I. Martinez-Soler , R. Maruyama , S. McCarthy , T. McElroy , F. McNally , J. V. Mead , K. Meagher , S. Mechbal , A. Medina , M. Meier , S. Meighen-Berger , J. Micallef , D. Mockler , T. Montaruli , R. W. Moore , R. Morse , M. Moulai , T. Mukherjee , R. Naab , R. Nagai , U. Naumann , J. Necker , L. V. Nguyen , H. Niederhausen , M. U. Nisa , S. C. Nowicki , A. Obertacke Pollmann , M. Oehler , B. Oeyen , A. Olivas , E. O'Sullivan , H. Pandya , D. V. Pankova , N. Park , G. K. Parker , E. N. Paudel , L. Paul , C. Pérez de los Heros , L. Peters , J. Peterson , S. Philippen , S. Pieper , A. Pizzuto , M. Plum , Y. Popovych , A. Porcelli , M. Prado Rodriguez , B. Pries , G. T. Przybylski , C. Raab , J. Rack-Helleis , A. Raissi , M. Rameez , K. Rawlins , I. C. Rea , Z. Rechav , A. Rehman , P. Reichherzer , R. Reimann , G. Renzi , E. Resconi , S. Reusch , W. Rhode , M. Richman , B. Riedel , E. J. Roberts , S. Robertson , G. Roellinghoff , M. Rongen , C. Rott , T. Ruhe , D. Ryckbosch , D. Rysewyk Cantu , I. Safa , J. Saffer , D. Salazar-Gallegos , P. Sampathkumar , S. E. Sanchez Herrera , A. Sandrock , M. Santander , S. Sarkar , S. Sarkar , K. Satalecka , M. Schaufel , H. Schieler , S. Schindler , T. Schmidt , A. Schneider , J. Schneider , F. G. Schröder , L. Schumacher , G. Schwefer , S. Sclafani , D. Seckel , S. Seunarine , A. Sharma , S. Shefali , N. Shimizu , M. Silva , B. Skrzypek , B. Smithers , R. Snihur , J. Soedingrekso , D. Soldin , C. Spannfellner , G. M. Spiczak , C. Spiering , J. Stachurska , M. Stamatikos , T. Stanev , R. Stein , J. Stettner , T. Stezelberger , T. Stürwald , T. Stuttard , G. W. Sullivan , I. Taboada , S. Ter-Antonyan , J. Thwaites , S. Tilav , F. Tischbein , K. Tollefson , C. Tönnis , S. Toscano , D. Tosi , A. Trettin , M. Tselengidou , C. F. Tung , A. Turcati , R. Turcotte , C. F. Turley , J. P. Twagirayezu , B. Ty , M. A. Unland Elorrieta , N. Valtonen-Mattila , J. Vandenbroucke , N. van Eijndhoven , D. Vannerom , J. van Santen , J. Veitch-Michaelis , S. Verpoest , C. Walck , W. Wang , T. B. Watson , C. Weaver , P. Weigel , A. Weindl , M. J. Weiss , J. Weldert , C. Wendt , J. Werthebach , M. Weyrauch , N. Whitehorn , C. H. Wiebusch , N. Willey , D. R. Williams , M. Wolf , G. Wrede , J. Wulff , X. W. Xu , J. P. Yanez , E. Yildizci , S. Yoshida , S. Yu , T. Yuan , Z. Zhang , P. Zhelnin

We describe the design and performance of IceTop, the air shower array on top of the IceCube neutrino detector. After the 2008/09 antarctic summer season both detectors are deployed at almost 3/4 of their design size. With the current…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Todor Stanev

The next-generation neutrino telescope IceCube-Gen2 is planned to include a surface detector array consisting of scintillation detectors and radio antennas for the detection of cosmic-ray air showers. Prototype stations, each comprising 8…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-09-04 Stef Verpoest

IceCube-Gen2 is a proposed neutrino observatory at the South Pole that will build on the success of IceCube and will also serve as a unique detector for cosmic-ray air showers. Analogous to the IceTop surface array over IceCube's deep…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-09 Frank G. Schröder

The IceTop air shower array is the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the geographic South Pole. The combination of IceTop and IceCube provides a new and powerful tool to measure cosmic ray composition in the energy…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Fabian Kislat

IceTop, the surface component of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole, is an air shower array with an area of 1 km2. The detector allows a detailed exploration of the mass composition of primary cosmic rays in the energy range…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-02-23 IceCube Collaboration , R. Abbasi , Y. Abdou , M. Ackermann , J. Adams , J. A. Aguilar , M. Ahlers , D. Altmann , K. Andeen , J. Auffenberg , X. Bai , M. Baker , S. W. Barwick , V. Baum , R. Bay , K. Beattie , J. J. Beatty , S. Bechet , J. Becker Tjus , K. -H. Becker , M. Bell , M. L. Benabderrahmane , S. BenZvi , J. Berdermann , P. Berghaus , D. Berley , E. Bernardini , D. Bertrand , D. Z. Besson , D. Bindig , M. Bissok , E. Blaufuss , J. Blumenthal , D. J. Boersma , C. Bohm , D. Bose , S. Böser , O. Botner , L. Brayeur , A. M. Brown , R. Bruijn , J. Brunner , S. Buitink , K. S. Caballero-Mora , M. Carson , J. Casey , M. Casier , D. Chirkin , B. Christy , F. Clevermann , S. Cohen , D. F. Cowen , A. H. Cruz Silva , M. Danninger , J. Daughhetee , J. C. Davis , C. De Clercq , F. Descamps , P. Desiati , G. de Vries-Uiterweerd , T. DeYoung , J. C. Díaz-Vélez , J. Dreyer , J. P. Dumm , M. Dunkman , R. Eagan , J. Eisch , C. Elliott , R. W. Ellsworth , O. Engdegård , S. Euler , P. A. Evenson , O. Fadiran , A. R. Fazely , A. Fedynitch , J. Feintzeig , T. Feusels , K. Filimonov , C. Finley , T. Fischer-Wasels , S. Flis , A. Franckowiak , R. Franke , K. Frantzen , T. Fuchs , T. K. Gaisser , J. Gallagher , L. Gerhardt , L. Gladstone , T. Glüsenkamp , A. Goldschmidt , J. A. Goodman , D. Góra , D. Grant , A. Groß , S. Grullon , M. Gurtner , C. Ha , A. Haj Ismail , A. Hallgren , F. Halzen , K. Hanson , D. Heereman , P. Heimann , D. Heinen , K. Helbing , R. Hellauer , S. Hickford , G. C. Hill , K. D. Hoffman , R. Hoffmann , A. Homeier , K. Hoshina , W. Huelsnitz , P. O. Hulth , K. Hultqvist , S. Hussain , A. Ishihara , E. Jacobi , J. Jacobsen , G. S. Japaridze , O. Jlelati , H. Johansson , A. Kappes , T. Karg , A. Karle , J. Kiryluk , F. Kislat , J. Kläs , S. R. Klein , S. Klepser , J. -H. Köhne , G. Kohnen , H. Kolanoski , L. Köpke , C. Kopper , S. Kopper , D. J. Koskinen , M. Kowalski , M. Krasberg , G. Kroll , J. Kunnen , N. Kurahashi , T. Kuwabara , M. Labare , K. Laihem , H. Landsman , M. J. Larson , R. Lauer , M. Lesiak-Bzdak , J. Lünemann , J. Madsen , R. Maruyama , K. Mase , H. S. Matis , A. McDermott , F. McNally , K. Meagher , M. Merck , P. Mészáros , T. Meures , S. Miarecki , E. Middell , N. Milke , J. Miller , L. Mohrmann , T. Montaruli , R. Morse , S. M. Movit , R. Nahnhauer , U. Naumann , P. Nießen , S. C. Nowicki , D. R. Nygren , A. Obertacke , S. Odrowski , A. Olivas , M. Olivo , A. O'Murchadha , S. Panknin , L. Paul , J. A. Pepper , C. Pérez de los Heros , D. Pieloth , N. Pirk , J. Posselt , P. B. Price , G. T. Przybylski , L. Rädel , K. Rawlins , P. Redl , E. Resconi , W. Rhode , M. Ribordy , M. Richman , B. Riedel , J. P. Rodrigues , J. Roth , F. Rothmaier , C. Rott , C. Roucelle , T. Ruhe , D. Rutledge , B. Ruzybayev , D. Ryckbosch , S. M. Saba , T. Salameh , H. -G. Sander , M. Santander , S. Sarkar , K. Schatto , M. Scheel , F. Scheriau , T. Schmidt , M. Schmitz , S. Schoenen , S. Schöneberg , L. Schönherr , A. Schönwald , A. Schukraft , L. Schulte , O. Schulz , D. Seckel , S. H. Seo , Y. Sestayo , S. Seunarine , L. Shulman , M. W. E. Smith , M. Soiron , D. Soldin , G. M. Spiczak , C. Spiering , M. Stamatikos , T. Stanev , A. Stasik , T. Stezelberger , R. G. Stokstad , A. Stößl , S. Stoyanov , E. A. Strahler , R. Ström , K-H. Sulanke , G. W. Sullivan , H. Taavola , I. Taboada , A. Tamburro , S. Ter-Antonyan , S. Tilav , P. A. Toale , S. Toscano , M. Usner , D. van der Drift , N. van Eijndhoven , A. Van Overloop , J. van Santen , M. Vehring , M. Voge , C. Walck , T. Waldenmaier , M. Wallraff , M. Walter , R. Wasserman , Ch. Weaver , C. Wendt , S. Westerhoff , N. Whitehorn , K. Wiebe , C. H. Wiebusch , D. R. Williams , H. Wissing , M. Wolf , T. R. Wood , K. Woschnagg , C. Xu , D. L. Xu , X. W. Xu , J. P. Yanez , G. Yodh , S. Yoshida , P. Zarzhitsky , J. Ziemann , A. Zilles , M. Zoll

The IceCube collaboration is building a cubic kilometer scale neutrino telescope at a depth of 2 km at the geographic South Pole, utilizing the clear Antarctic ice as a Cherenkov medium to detect cosmic neutrinos. The IceCube observatory is…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Timo Karg

IceCube is currently not only the largest neutrino telescope but also one of the world's most competitive instruments for studying cosmic rays in the PeV to EeV regime where the transition from galactic to extra-galactic sources should…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-21 Sebastian Böser

The IceTop array at the surface of the IceCube Neutrino Observatory measures extensive air showers produced by cosmic-ray particles with energies from PeV up to EeV, covering the transition region from galactic to extragalactic sources.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-14 Lilly Pyras , Larissa Paul , Katherine Rawlins , Ian Reistroffer , Amar Thakuri

In this paper we explore the possibility to complement the cosmic ray physics program of the IceCube observatory with an extended surface array of radio antennas. The combination of air-shower sampling on the surface and muon calorimetry…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-13 Sebastian Böser

IceTop is a 1 km^2 air shower detector presently under construction as a part of the IceCube Observatory at South Pole. It will consist of 80 detector stations, each equipped with two ice Cherenkov tanks, which cover 1 km^2. In 2008, the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 Stefan Klepser

IceCube-Gen2 is a proposed extension to the existing IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. It will consist of three components: an in-ice optical array, a surface array on top of the optical array, and a radio array for detecting…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-03-18 Manisha Lohan

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer Cherenkov detector that is deployed deep in the Antarctic ice at the South Pole. A square kilometer companion surface detector, IceTop, located directly above in the in-ice array,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-10-10 Donghwa Kang

The science goals of IceCube-Gen2 include multi-messenger astronomy, astroparticle and particle physics. To this end, the observatory will include several detection methods, including a surface array and in-ice optical sensors. The array…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-08 Alan Coleman

We highlight the capacity of current and forthcoming air shower arrays using water-Cherenkov stations to detect neutrino events spanning energies from $10\,$GeV to $100\,$TeV. This detection approach leverages individual stations equipped…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-09-25 J. Alvarez-Muñiz , R. Conceição , P. J. Costa , B. S. González , M. Pimenta , B. Tomé

The IceCube Observatory at the South Pole is composed of a cubic kilometer scale neutrino telescope buried beneath the icecap and a square-kilometer surface water Cherenkov tank detector array known as IceTop. The combination of the surface…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-12-07 Alessio Tamburro

Radio detection of air showers in the current era has progressed immensely to effectively extract the properties of these air showers. Primary cosmic rays with energies of hundreds of PeV have been successfully measured with the method of…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-23 Aswathi Balagopal V. , Andreas Haungs , Thomas Huber , Tim Huege , Matthias Kleifges , Max Renschler , Harald Schieler , Frank G. Schröder , Andreas Weindl

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a multi-messenger observatory at the South Pole. As preparation for an enhancement of its surface array, IceTop, a prototype station consisting of elevated scintillation panels and radio antennas has been…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-11 Paras Koundal , Valeria Torres-Gomez

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole has measured the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux up to ~PeV energies and is starting to identify first point source candidates. The next generation facility, IceCube-Gen2, aims at…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-07-20 Steffen Hallmann , Brian Clark , Christian Glaser , Daniel Smith