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Technical debt (TD) refers to suboptimal choices during software development that achieve short-term goals at the expense of long-term quality. Although developers often informally discuss TD, the concept has not yet crystalized into a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Ipek Ozkaya , Zachary Kurtz , Robert L. Nord , Raghvinder S. Sangwan , Satish M. Srinivasan

Technical debt (TD) is a metaphor for code-related problems that arise as a result of prioritizing speedy delivery over perfect code. Given that the reduction of TDs can have long-term positive impact in the software engineering life-cycle…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Junaed Younus Khan , Gias Uddin

Static Analysis Tools (SATs) are central to security engineering activities, as they enable early identification of code weaknesses without requiring execution. However, their effectiveness is often limited by high false-positive rates and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Moritz Mock , Max Kretschmann , Barbara Russo , Mojtaba Shahin , Mansooreh Zahedi , Riccardo Scandariato

The programming capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized automatic code generation and opened new avenues for automatic statistical analysis. However, the validity and quality of these generated codes need to be…

Speeding up development may produce technical debt, i.e., not-quite-right code for which the effort to make it right increases with time as a sort of interest. Developers may be aware of the debt as they admit it in their code comments.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Barbara Russo , Matteo Camilli , Moritz Mock

Software engineering researchers and practitioners have pursued manners to reduce the amount of time and effort required to develop code and increase productivity since the emergence of the discipline. Generative language models are just…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Jorge Melegati , Eduardo Guerra

Technical Debt, considered by many to be the 'silent killer' of software projects, has undeniably become part of the everyday vocabulary of software engineers. We know it compromises the internal quality of a system, either deliberately or…

The adoption of Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) technologies introduces maintenance challenges, leading to Technical Debt (TD). Algorithm Debt (AD) is a TD type that impacts the performance and scalability of ML/DL systems. A review of 42…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Fatemeh Fard , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen

Software Architecture Descriptions (SADs) are essential for managing the inherent complexity of modern software systems. They enable high-level architectural reasoning, guide design decisions, and facilitate effective communication among…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ahmad Hatahet , Christoph Knieke , Andreas Rausch

Context: Technical debt (TD) refers to the additional costs incurred due to compromises in software quality, providing short-term advantages during development but potentially compromising long-term quality. Accurate TD forecasting and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Adekunle Ajibode , Yvon Apedo , Temitope Ajibode

Technical debt is a metaphor used to convey the idea that doing things in a "quick and dirty" way when designing and constructing a software leads to a situation where one incurs more and more deferred future expenses. Similarly to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Alvine Boaye Belle

Structured Complex Task Decomposition (SCTD) is the problem of breaking down a complex real-world task (such as planning a wedding) into a directed acyclic graph over individual steps that contribute to achieving the task, with edges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Quan Yuan , Mehran Kazemi , Xin Xu , Isaac Noble , Vaiva Imbrasaite , Deepak Ramachandran

[Context] Technical debt (TD) in machine learning (ML) systems, much like its counterpart in software engineering (SE), holds the potential to lead to future rework, posing risks to productivity, quality, and team morale. Despite growing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Rodrigo Ximenes , Antonio Pedro Santos Alves , Tatiana Escovedo , Rodrigo Spinola , Marcos Kalinowski

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is a special form of technical debt in which developers intentionally record their hacks in the code by adding comments for attention. Here, we focus on issue-related "On-hold SATD", where developers…

Large language models (LLMs) are being rapidly integrated into decision-support tools, automation workflows, and AI-enabled software systems. However, their behavior in production environments remains poorly understood, and their failure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Vaishali Vinay

NonTechnical Debt (NTD) is a common challenge in agile software development, manifesting in four critical forms, Process Debt, Social Debt, People Debt, Organizational debt. NODLA project is a collaboration between Karlstad University and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Muhammad Ovais Ahmad , Tomas Gustavsson

Architectural technical debt (ATD) represents trade-offs in software architecture that accelerate initial development but create long-term maintenance challenges. ATD, in particular when self-admitted, impacts the foundational structure of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Edi Sutoyo , Paris Avgeriou , Andrea Capiluppi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become key components of modern software, with prompts acting as their de-facto programming interface. However, prompt design remains largely empirical and small mistakes can cascade into unreliable,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Haoye Tian , Chong Wang , BoYang Yang , Lyuye Zhang , Yang Liu

The remarkable advances in AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled machines to write code, accelerating the growth of software systems. However, the bottleneck in software development is not writing code but understanding it;…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Adam Tornhill , Markus Borg , Nadim Hagatulah , Emma Söderberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely adopted for automated code generation with promising results. Although prior research has assessed LLM-generated code and identified various quality issues -- such as redundancy, poor maintainability,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Altaf Allah Abbassi , Leuson Da Silva , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh