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The inverse folding problem, aiming to design amino acid sequences that fold into desired three-dimensional structures, is pivotal for various biotechnological applications. Here, we introduce a novel approach leveraging Direct Preference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Junde Xu , Zijun Gao , Xinyi Zhou , Jie Hu , Xingyi Cheng , Le Song , Guangyong Chen , Pheng-Ann Heng , Jiezhong Qiu

Inverse folding models play an important role in structure-based design by predicting amino acid sequences that fold into desired reference structures. Models like ProteinMPNN, a message-passing encoder-decoder model, are trained to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ryan Park , Darren J. Hsu , C. Brian Roland , Maria Korshunova , Chen Tessler , Shie Mannor , Olivia Viessmann , Bruno Trentini

Inverse protein folding is a fundamental task in computational protein design, which aims to design protein sequences that fold into the desired backbone structures. While the development of machine learning algorithms for this task has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yiheng Zhu , Jialu Wu , Qiuyi Li , Jiahuan Yan , Mingze Yin , Wei Wu , Mingyang Li , Jieping Ye , Zheng Wang , Jian Wu

Accurate exploration of protein conformational ensembles is essential for uncovering function but remains hard because molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations suffer from high computational costs and energy-barrier trapping. This paper presents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Yuancheng Sun , Yuxuan Ren , Zhaoming Chen , Xu Han , Kang Liu , Qiwei Ye

Accurate protein structure prediction from amino-acid sequences is critical to better understanding the protein function. Recent advances in this area largely benefit from more precise inter-residue distance and orientation predictions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Jiaxiang Wu , Shitong Luo , Tao Shen , Haidong Lan , Sheng Wang , Junzhou Huang

Diffusion models have achieved promising results for Structure-Based Drug Design (SBDD). Nevertheless, high-quality protein subpocket and ligand data are relatively scarce, which hinders the models' generation capabilities. Recently, Direct…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-02-11 Xiwei Cheng , Xiangxin Zhou , Yuwei Yang , Yu Bao , Quanquan Gu

Designing protein sequences that fold into a target 3D structure, known as protein inverse folding, is a fundamental challenge in protein engineering. While recent deep learning methods have achieved impressive performance by recovering…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-03 Mengdi Liu , Xiaoxue Cheng , Zhangyang Gao , Hong Chang , Cheng Tan , Shiguang Shan , Xilin Chen

Accurate estimation of mutational effects on protein-protein binding energies is an open problem with applications in structural biology and therapeutic design. Several deep learning predictors for this task have been proposed, but,…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-09 Arthur Deng , Karsten Householder , Fang Wu , Sebastian Thrun , K. Christopher Garcia , Brian Trippe

Protein sequence design methods have demonstrated strong performance in sequence generation for de novo protein design. However, as the training objective was sequence recovery, it does not guarantee designability--the likelihood that a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Fanglei Xue , Andrew Kubaney , Zhichun Guo , Joseph K. Min , Ge Liu , Yi Yang , David Baker

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) is an effective approach for aligning protein language models with experimental design goals. However, DPO faces a scalability bottleneck: the number of possible training pairs grows quadratically with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Constance Ferragu , Jonathan D. Ziegler , Nicolas Deutschmann , Arthur Lindoulsi , Eli Bixby , Cradle ML Team

Designing RNA sequences that reliably adopt specified three-dimensional structures while maintaining thermodynamic stability remains challenging for synthetic biology and therapeutics. Current inverse folding approaches optimize for…

Diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art performance across multiple domains, with recent advancements extending their applicability to discrete data. However, aligning discrete diffusion models with task-specific preferences remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Umberto Borso , Davide Paglieri , Jude Wells , Tim Rocktäschel

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations provide a fundamental tool for characterizing molecular behavior at full atomic resolution, but their applicability is severely constrained by the computational cost. To address this, a surge of deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ziyang Yu , Wenbing Huang , Yang Liu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has been proposed as a promising alternative to Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) based Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF). However, empirical evaluations consistently reveal suboptimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Qinwei Ma , Jingzhe Shi , Can Jin , Jenq-Neng Hwang , Serge Belongie , Lei Li

Protein language models have emerged as powerful tools for sequence generation, offering substantial advantages in functional optimization and denovo design. However, these models also present significant risks of generating harmful protein…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Yuhao Wang , Keyan Ding , Kehua Feng , Zeyuan Wang , Ming Qin , Xiaotong Li , Qiang Zhang , Huajun Chen

Protein generative models have shown remarkable promise in protein design, yet their success rates remain constrained by reliance on curated sequence-structure datasets and by misalignment between supervised objectives and real design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ziwen Wang , Jiajun Fan , Ruihan Guo , Thao Nguyen , Heng Ji , Ge Liu

Predicting changes in binding free energy ($\Delta\Delta G$) is a vital task in protein engineering and protein-protein interaction (PPI) engineering for drug discovery. Previous works have observed a high correlation between $\Delta\Delta…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Patrick Soga , Zhenyu Lei , Yinhan He , Camille Bilodeau , Jundong Li

Accurate prediction of protein-ligand binding structures, a task known as molecular docking is crucial for drug design but remains challenging. While deep learning has shown promise, existing methods often depend on holo-protein structures…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-22 Yufei Huang , Odin Zhang , Lirong Wu , Cheng Tan , Haitao Lin , Zhangyang Gao , Siyuan Li , Stan. Z. Li

Protein inverse folding aims to design an amino acid sequence that will fold into a given backbone structure, serving as a central task in protein design. Two main paradigms have been widely explored. Template-based methods exploit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Yiran Zhu , Changxi Chi , Hongxin Xiang , Wenjie Du , Xiaoqi Wang , Jun Xia

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) aligns language models using pairwise preference comparisons, offering a simple and effective alternative to Reinforcement Learning (RL) from human feedback. However, in many practical settings, training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ning Liu , Chuanneng Sun , Kristina Klinkner , Shervin Malmasi
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