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Energy consumption of software applications has emerged as a critical concern for developers to contemplate in their daily development processes. Previous studies have surveyed a limited number of developers to understand their viewpoints…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Bihui Jin , Heng Li , Pengyu Nie , Ying Zou

In this research paper, we propose a new type of energy-efficient Green AI architecture to support circular economies and address the contemporary challenge of sustainable resource consumption in modern systems. We introduce a multi-layered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ripal Ranpara

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu

Frontend code, replicated across millions of page views, consumes significant energy and contributes directly to digital emissions. Yet current AI coding assistants, such as GitHub Copilot and Amazon CodeWhisperer, emphasize developer speed…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-07 André Barrocas , Nuno Jardim Nunes , Valentina Nisi , Nikolas Martelaro

Although software managers are generally good at new project estimation, their experience of scheduling rework tends to be poor. Inconsistent or incorrect effort estimation can increase the risk that the completion time for a project will…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-07-30 Bee Bee Chua , June Verner

We present a novel approach to detect refactoring opportunities by measuring the participation of references between types in instances of patterns representing design flaws. This technique is validated using an experiment where we analyse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-03-17 Jens Dietrich , Catherine McCartin , Ewan Tempero , Syed M. Ali Shah

Like other engineering disciplines, software engineering should also have principles to guide the construction of sustainable computer applications. Tangible properties include a) unlimited scalability, b) maximal reproducibility, and c)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-07-23 Justin Shi

We aim to explore how developers document their refactoring activities during the software life cycle. We call such activity Self-Affirmed Refactoring (SAR), which indicates developers' documentation of their refactoring activities. SAR is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Eman Abdullah AlOmar

Growing global concerns about climate change highlight the need for environmentally sustainable computing. The ecological impact of computing, including operational and embodied, is a key consideration. Field Programmable Gate Arrays…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Chetan Choppali Sudarshan , Aman Arora , Vidya A. Chhabria

The continuous evolution of software projects necessitates the implementation of changes to enhance performance and reduce defects. This research explores effective strategies for learning and implementing useful changes in software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Kartik Gupta

Large language models trained on source code can support a variety of software development tasks, such as code recommendation and program repair. Large amounts of data for training such models benefit the models' performance. However, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Max Hort , Anastasiia Grishina , Leon Moonen

This study presents a systematic literature review of software-level approaches to energy efficiency in robotics published from 2020 through 2024, updating and extending pre-2020 evidence. An automated-but-audited pipeline combined Google…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Aryan Gupta

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for automated code refactoring tasks. Although these models can quickly refactor code, the quality may exhibit inconsistencies and unpredictable behavior. In this article, we systematically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Norman Peitek , Julia Hess , Sven Apel

As the energy footprint generated by software is increasing at an alarming rate, understanding how to develop energy-efficient applications has become a necessity. Previous work has introduced catalogs of coding practices, also known as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Pooja Rani , Jonas Zellweger , Veronika Kousadianos , Luis Cruz , Timo Kehrer , Alberto Bacchelli

The environmental sustainability of Information Technology (IT) has emerged as a critical concern, driven by the need to reduce both energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the context of cloud-native applications deployed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Andrea D'Iapico , Monica Vitali

For future regulatory compliance, organizations must assess and report on the state of sustainability in terms of its impacts over time. Sustainability, being a multidimensional concern, is complex to quantify. This complexity further…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Iffat Fatima , Patricia Lago , Vasilios Andrikopoulos , Bram van der Waaij

Block-based programming languages like Scratch have become increasingly popular as introductory languages for novices. These languages are intended to be used with a "tinkering" approach which allows learners and teachers to quickly…

By providing unprecedented access to computational resources, cloud computing has enabled rapid growth in technologies such as machine learning, the computational demands of which incur a high energy cost and a commensurate carbon…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to create more sustainable production methods and model climate change, making it a valuable tool in the fight against environmental degradation. This paper describes the paradox of an energy-consuming…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arnault Pachot , Céline Patissier

While code large language models have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, the generated code often exhibits poor runtime efficiency, limiting its practical application in performance-sensitive scenarios. To address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Xiao Xu , Binyuan Hui , Junyang Lin