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Motion in-betweening is one of the most artistically demanding and time consuming stages of 3D animation, where the expressivity and rhythm of motion are defined. The level of creative control it requires makes it a major production…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anton Raël , Julien Boucher , Antoine Lhermitte

Animation line inbetweening is a crucial step in animation production aimed at enhancing animation fluidity by predicting intermediate line arts between two key frames. However, existing methods face challenges in effectively addressing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Tianyi Zhu , Wei Shang , Dongwei Ren , Wangmeng Zuo

In this work, we present a data-driven framework for generating diverse in-betweening motions for kinematic characters. Our approach injects dynamic conditions and explicit motion controls into the procedure of motion transitions. Notably,…

Graphics · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Yuchen Chu , Zeshi Yang

Motion in-betweening, a fundamental task in character animation, consists of generating motion sequences that plausibly interpolate user-provided keyframe constraints. It has long been recognized as a labor-intensive and challenging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Setareh Cohan , Guy Tevet , Daniele Reda , Xue Bin Peng , Michiel van de Panne

Styled motion in-betweening is crucial for computer animation and gaming. However, existing methods typically encode motion styles by modeling whole-body motions, often overlooking the representation of individual body parts. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Minyue Dai , Ke Fan , Bin Ji , Haoran Xu , Haoyu Zhao , Junting Dong , Jingbo Wang , Bo Dai

Hand-drawn 2D animation workflow is typically initiated with the creation of sketch keyframes. Subsequent manual inbetweens are crafted for smoothness, which is a labor-intensive process and the prospect of automatic animation sketch…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Jiaming Shen , Kun Hu , Wei Bao , Chang Wen Chen , Zhiyong Wang

Motion in-betweening is the problem to synthesize movement between keyposes. Traditional research focused primarily on single characters. Extending them to densely interacting characters is highly challenging, as it demands precise…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Xiaotang Zhang , Ziyi Chang , Qianhui Men , Hubert P. H. Shum

Motion in-betweening (MIB) is a process of generating intermediate skeletal movement between the given start and target poses while preserving the naturalness of the motion, such as periodic footstep motion while walking. Although…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Jihoon Kim , Taehyun Byun , Seungyoun Shin , Jungdam Won , Sungjoon Choi

Upsampling videos of human activity is an interesting yet challenging task with many potential applications ranging from gaming to entertainment and sports broadcasting. The main difficulty in synthesizing video frames in this setting stems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Hsuan-I Ho , Xu Chen , Jie Song , Otmar Hilliges

This paper introduces a novel data-driven motion in-betweening system to reach target poses of characters by making use of phases variables learned by a Periodic Autoencoder. Our approach utilizes a mixture-of-experts neural network model,…

Graphics · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Paul Starke , Sebastian Starke , Taku Komura , Frank Steinicke

Video inbetweening creates smooth and natural transitions between two image frames, making it an indispensable tool for video editing and long-form video synthesis. Existing works in this domain are unable to generate large, complex, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Maham Tanveer , Yang Zhou , Simon Niklaus , Ali Mahdavi Amiri , Hao Zhang , Krishna Kumar Singh , Nanxuan Zhao

By generating plausible and smooth transitions between two image frames, video inbetweening is an essential tool for video editing and long video synthesis. Traditional works lack the capability to generate complex large motions. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Maham Tanveer , Yang Zhou , Simon Niklaus , Ali Mahdavi Amiri , Hao Zhang , Krishna Kumar Singh , Nanxuan Zhao

In this work we present a novel, robust transition generation technique that can serve as a new tool for 3D animators, based on adversarial recurrent neural networks. The system synthesizes high-quality motions that use temporally-sparse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Félix G. Harvey , Mike Yurick , Derek Nowrouzezahrai , Christopher Pal

We present a frame interpolation algorithm that synthesizes multiple intermediate frames from two input images with large in-between motion. Recent methods use multiple networks to estimate optical flow or depth and a separate network…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Fitsum Reda , Janne Kontkanen , Eric Tabellion , Deqing Sun , Caroline Pantofaru , Brian Curless

We study the problem of generating intermediate images from image pairs with large motion while maintaining semantic consistency. Due to the large motion, the intermediate semantic information may be absent in input images. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Liao Shen , Tianqi Liu , Huiqiang Sun , Xinyi Ye , Baopu Li , Jianming Zhang , Zhiguo Cao

Deriving sophisticated 3D motions from sparse keyframes is a particularly challenging problem, due to continuity and exceptionally skeletal precision. The action features are often derivable accurately from the full series of keyframes, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Clinton Ansun Mo , Kun Hu , Chengjiang Long , Zhiyong Wang

This paper proposes the Transition Motion Tensor, a data-driven framework that creates novel and physically accurate transitions outside of the motion dataset. It enables simulated characters to adopt new motion skills efficiently and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Jonathan Hans Soeseno , Ying-Sheng Luo , Trista Pei-Chun Chen , Wei-Chao Chen

In-betweening is a technique for generating transitions given initial and target character states. The majority of existing works require multiple (often $>$10) frames as input, which are not always accessible. Our work deals with a focused…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Tianxiang Ren , Jubo Yu , Shihui Guo , Ying Ma , Yutao Ouyang , Zijiao Zeng , Yazhan Zhang , Yipeng Qin

We propose Framer for interactive frame interpolation, which targets producing smoothly transitioning frames between two images as per user creativity. Concretely, besides taking the start and end frames as inputs, our approach supports…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Wen Wang , Qiuyu Wang , Kecheng Zheng , Hao Ouyang , Zhekai Chen , Biao Gong , Hao Chen , Yujun Shen , Chunhua Shen

We present a filter based approach for inbetweening. We train a convolutional neural network to generate intermediate frames. This network aim to generate smooth animation of line drawings. Our method can process scanned images directly.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Yuichi Yagi
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