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Despite stringent data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), and other country-specific regulations, many websites continue to use cookies to track user…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Nivedita Singh , Yejin Do , Yongsang Yu. Imane Fouad , Jungrae Kim , Hyoungshick Kim

Recent privacy regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) have established legal requirements for obtaining user consent regarding the collection, use, and sharing of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Ying Li , Wenjun Qiu , Faysal Hossain Shezan , Kunlin Cai , Michelangelo van Dam , Lisa Austin , David Lie , Yuan Tian

A website browser cookie is a small file created by a web server upon visitation, which is placed in the user's browser directory to enhance the user's experience. However, first and third-party cookies have become a significant threat to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Matthew Wheeler , Suleiman Saka , Sanchari Das

The main goal of this paper is to study how often cookie banners that comply with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) contain aesthetic manipulation, a design tactic to draw users' attention to the button that permits personal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Riley Grossman , Michael Smith , Cristian Borcea , Yi Chen

Cookie paywalls allow visitors of a website to access its content only after they make a choice between paying a fee or accept tracking. European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) recently issued guidelines and decisions on paywalls…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Viktor Fredholm , Adam Thunberg

As third-party cookie blocking is becoming the norm in browsers, advertisers and trackers have started to use first-party cookies for tracking. We conduct a differential measurement study on 10K websites with third-party cookies allowed and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Shaoor Munir , Sandra Siby , Umar Iqbal , Steven Englehardt , Zubair Shafiq , Carmela Troncoso

Different countries have different privacy regulatory models. These models impact the perspectives and laws surrounding internet privacy. However, little is known about how effective the regulatory models are when it comes to limiting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-06-15 Nathaniel Fruchter , Hsin Miao , Scott Stevenson , Rebecca Balebako

In 2002, the European Union (EU) introduced the ePrivacy Directive to regulate the usage of online tracking technologies. Its aim is to make tracking mechanisms explicit while increasing privacy awareness in users. It mandates websites to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-05-03 Martino Trevisan , Stefano Traverso , Hassan Metwalley , Marco Mellia

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requires websites to ask for consent to the use of cookies for \emph{specific purposes}. This enlarges the relevant design space for consent dialogs. Websites could try to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Dominique Machuletz , Rainer Böhme

Stateful and stateless web tracking gathered much attention in the last decade, however they were always measured separately. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to detect and measure cookie respawning with browser and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Imane Fouad , Cristiana Santos , Arnaud Legout , Nataliia Bielova

Web tracking by ad networks, social networks, and other third parties is privacy-invasive. To protect users' privacy an increasing number of countries are adopting new privacy laws. However, a major reason why their application on the web…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Harry Yu , Patton Yin , Sebastian Zimmeck

Most websites offer their content for free, though this gratuity often comes with a counterpart: personal data is collected to finance these websites by resorting, mostly, to tracking and thus targeted advertising. Cookie walls and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Yvonne Lintao , Soheil Human

Browser fingerprinting is a relatively new method of uniquely identifying browsers that can be used to track web users. In some ways it is more privacy-threatening than tracking via cookies, as users have no direct control over it. A number…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-24 Nasser Mohammed Al-Fannah , Wanpeng Li , Chris J Mitchell

As third-party cookies are being phased out or restricted by major browsers, first-party cookies are increasingly repurposed for tracking. Prior work has shown that third-party scripts embedded in the main frame can access and exfiltrate…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Pouneh Nikkhah Bahrami , Aurore Fass , Zubair Shafiq

Data protection regulations, such as GDPR and CCPA, require websites and embedded third-parties, especially advertisers, to seek user consent before they can collect and process user data. Only when the users opt in, can these entities…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zengrui Liu , Umar Iqbal , Nitesh Saxena

Third-party web tracking is a common, and broadly used technique on the Web. Almost every step of users' is tracked, analyzed, and later used in different use cases (e.g., online advertisement). Different defense mechanisms have emerged to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Nurullah Demir , Daniel Theis , Tobias Urban , Norbert Pohlmann

Cookie banners, the pop ups that appear to collect your consent for data collection, are a tempting ground for dark patterns. Dark patterns are design elements that are used to influence the user's choice towards an option that is not in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Than Htut Soe , Cristiana Teixeira Santos , Marija Slavkovik

User data is the primary input of digital advertising, fueling the free Internet as we know it. As a result, web companies invest a lot in elaborate tracking mechanisms to acquire user data that can sell to data markets and advertisers.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Panagiotis Papadopoulos , Nicolas Kourtellis , Evangelos P. Markatos

The research community has deemed cookie synchronization detection an inherently challenging task. Studies aiming to identify cookie synchronizations often share high-level design choices, but deviate amongst low-level implementations. For…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Jake Smith

The Transparency and Consent Framework (TCF), developed by the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) Europe, provides a de facto standard for requesting, recording, and managing user consent from European end-users. This framework has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Pontus Carlsson , Joel Ahlinder , Romaric Duvignau