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Comparison-based preference learning has become central to the alignment of AI models with human preferences. However, these methods may behave counterintuitively. After empirically observing that, when accounting for a preference for…

Modeling human preferences is crucial for aligning foundation models with human values. Traditional reward modeling methods, such as the Bradley-Terry (BT) reward model, fall short in expressiveness, particularly in addressing intransitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Yifan Zhang , Ge Zhang , Yue Wu , Kangping Xu , Quanquan Gu

Many applications, e.g. in content recommendation, sports, or recruitment, leverage the comparisons of alternatives to score those alternatives. The classical Bradley-Terry model and its variants have been widely used to do so. The…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-23 Julien Fageot , Sadegh Farhadkhani , Lê Nguyên Hoang , Oscar Villemaud

The Bradley-Terry (BT) model is a common and successful practice in reward modeling for Large Language Model (LLM) alignment. However, it remains unclear why this model -- originally developed for multi-player stochastic game matching --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Hao Sun , Yunyi Shen , Jean-Francois Ton

Motivated by the home-field advantage in sports, we propose a generalized Bradley--Terry model that incorporates covariate information for paired comparisons. It has an $n$-dimensional merit parameter $\bs{\beta}$ and a fixed-dimensional…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-31 Ting Yan

Despite large language models' (LLMs) recent advancements, their bias and hallucination issues persist, and their ability to offer consistent preferential rankings remains underexplored. This study investigates the capacity of LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Xiutian Zhao , Ke Wang , Wei Peng

Pairwise preference learning is central to machine learning, with recent applications in aligning language models with human preferences. A typical dataset consists of triplets $(x, y^+, y^-)$, where response $y^+$ is preferred over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Rattana Pukdee , Maria-Florina Balcan , Pradeep Ravikumar

Large pre-trained language models have shown remarkable performance over the past few years. These models, however, sometimes learn superficial features from the dataset and cannot generalize to the distributions that are dissimilar to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Jieyu Zhao , Xuezhi Wang , Yao Qin , Jilin Chen , Kai-Wei Chang

The Bradley-Terry model assigns probabilities for the outcome of paired comparison experiments based on strength parameters associated with the objects being compared. We consider different proposed choices of prior parameter distributions…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-12-15 John T. Whelan

Ranking or assessing centrality in multivariate and non-Euclidean data is difficult because there is no canonical order and many depth notions become computationally fragile in high-dimensional or structured settings. We introduce a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-24 Lingfeng Lyu , Doudou Zhou

This article surveys recent progress in the Bradley-Terry (BT) model and its extensions. We focus on the statistical and computational aspects, with emphasis on the regime in which both the number of objects and the volume of comparisons…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-23 Shuxing Fang , Ruijian Han , Yuanhang Luo , Yiming Xu

This contribution introduces a novel statistical learning methodology based on the Bradley-Terry method for pairwise comparisons, where the novelty arises from the method's capacity to estimate the worth of objects for a primary attribute…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-26 Sjoerd Hermes , Joost van Heerwaarden , Pariya Behrouzi

Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-03 Hongkang Yang , Weinan E

For nonbalanced paired comparisons, a wide variety of ranking methods have been proposed. One of the best popular methods is the Bradley-Terry model in which the ranking of a set of objects is decided by the maximum likelihood estimates…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-07 Ting Yan

Several methods of preference modeling, ranking, voting and multi-criteria decision making include pairwise comparisons. It is usually simpler to compare two objects at a time, furthermore, some relations (e.g., the outcome of sports…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-04 László Gyarmati , Éva Orbán-Mihálykó , Csaba Mihálykó , Sándor Bozóki , Zsombor Szádoczki

In this work we generalize standard Decision Theory by assuming that two outcomes can also be incomparable. Two motivating scenarios show how incomparability may be helpful to represent those situations where, due to lack of information,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-04-04 Piero A. Bonatti , Marco Faella , Luigi Sauro

The property of learning-curve monotonicity, highlighted in a recent series of work by Loog, Mey and Viering, describes algorithms which only improve in average performance given more data, for any underlying data distribution within a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-29 Mark Sellke , Steven Yin

We study a simple learning algorithm for binary classification. Instead of predicting with the best hypothesis in the hypothesis class, that is, the hypothesis that minimizes the training error, our algorithm predicts with a weighted…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Yoav Freund , Yishay Mansour , Robert E. Schapire

Value alignment, which aims to ensure that large language models (LLMs) and other AI agents behave in accordance with human values, is critical for ensuring safety and trustworthiness of these systems. A key component of value alignment is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Ziwei Xu , Mohan Kankanhalli

Pairwise comparison data are widely used to infer latent rankings in areas such as sports, social choice, and machine learning. The Bradley-Terry model provides a foundational probabilistic framework but inherently assumes transitive…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-13 Hisaya Okahara , Tomoyuki Nakagawa , Shonosuke Sugasawa
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