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We introduce an open-source GPU-accelerated fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) framework CAT, which surpasses existing solutions in functionality and efficiency. \emph{CAT} features a three-layer architecture: a foundation of core math, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Qirui Li , Rui Zong

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is rapidly emerging as a promising foundation for privacy-preserving cloud services, enabling computation directly on encrypted data. As FHE implementations mature and begin moving toward practical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Jianan Mu , Ge Yu , Zhaoxuan Kan , Song Bian , Liang Kong , Zizhen Liu , Cheng Liu , Jing Ye , Huawei Li

As the application of deep learning continues to grow, so does the amount of data used to make predictions. While traditionally, big-data deep learning was constrained by computing performance and off-chip memory bandwidth, a new constraint…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Brandon Reagen , Wooseok Choi , Yeongil Ko , Vincent Lee , Gu-Yeon Wei , Hsien-Hsin S. Lee , David Brooks

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) facilitates secure computations on encrypted data but imposes significant demands on memory bandwidth and computational power. While current FHE accelerators focus on optimizing computation, they often…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Dewan Saiham , Di Wu , Sazadur Rahman

This paper proposes a fully homomorphic encryption encapsulated difference expansion (FHEE-DE) scheme for reversible data hiding in encrypted domain (RDH-ED). In the proposed scheme, we use key-switching and bootstrapping techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Yan Ke , Min-qing Zhang , Jia Liu , Ting-ting Su , Xiao-yuan Yang

Traditional approaches to vector similarity search over encrypted data rely on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) to enable computation without decryption. However, the substantial computational overhead of FHE makes it impractical for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dongfang Zhao

Cloud computing is an important part of today's world because offloading computations is a method to reduce costs. In this paper, we investigate computing the Speeded Up Robust Features (SURF) using Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-20 Thomas Shortell , Ali Shokoufandeh

The deployment of Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) at scale is hindered due to its heavy computational overhead. While specialized hardware accelerators like Google Tensor Processing Units (TPUs) can help, mapping complex cryptographic…

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) relies heavily on the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), making NTT a major performance bottleneck due to its intensive polynomial computations. Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE), which integrates…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Hang Gu , Teng Wang , Qianyu Cheng , Jinao Li , Zhendong Zheng , Lei Gong , Wenqi Lou , Xi Li , Xuehai Zhou

Performing smart computations in a context of cloud computing and big data is highly appreciated today. Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a smart category of encryption schemes that allows working with the data in its encrypted form. It…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-04-20 Ahmed El-Yahyaoui , Mohamed Dafir Ech-Chrif El Kettani

Fully Homomorphic Encryption over the Torus (TFHE) allows arbitrary computations to happen directly on ciphertexts using homomorphic logic gates. However, each TFHE gate on state-of-the-art hardware platforms such as GPUs and FPGAs is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Lei Jiang , Qian Lou , Nrushad Joshi

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables operations on encrypted data, making it extremely useful for privacy-preserving applications, especially in cloud computing environments. In such contexts, operations like ranking, order…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Federico Mazzone , Maarten Everts , Florian Hahn , Andreas Peter

With the rapid development of AI technology, we have witnessed numerous innovations and conveniences. However, along with these advancements come privacy threats and risks. Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges as a key technology for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Pengbo Li , Huifang Huang , Ting Gao , Jin Guo , Jinqiao Duan

Hybrid Homomorphic Encryption (HHE) combines symmetric key and homomorphic encryption to reduce ciphertext expansion crucial in client-server deployments of HE. Special symmetric ciphers, amenable to efficient HE evaluation, have been…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Yeonsoo Jeon , Mattan Erez , Michael Orshansky

Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly powers sensitive applications in domains such as healthcare and finance, relying on both linear operations (e.g., matrix multiplications in large language models) and non-linear operations (e.g.,…

Federated learning (FL) with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) effectively safeguards data privacy during model aggregation by encrypting local model updates before transmission, mitigating threats from untrusted servers or eavesdroppers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xiangchen Meng , Yangdi Lyu

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) enables privacy preserving computation but it suffers from high latency and memory consumption. The computations are secured with special keys called rotation keys which often take up the majority of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Eymen Ünay , Björn Franke , Jackson Woodruff

In this paper, we propose TensorFHE, an FHE acceleration solution based on GPGPU for real applications on encrypted data. TensorFHE utilizes Tensor Core Units (TCUs) to boost the computation of Number Theoretic Transform (NTT), which is the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Shengyu Fan , Zhiwei Wang , Weizhi Xu , Rui Hou , Dan Meng , Mingzhe Zhang

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) is a promising privacy-preserving technology enabling secure computation over encrypted data. A major limitation of current FHE schemes is their high runtime overhead. As a result, automatic optimization…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Julien de Castelnau , Mingfei Yu , Giovanni De Micheli

Fully-Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) offers powerful capabilities by enabling secure offloading of both storage and computation, and recent innovations in schemes and implementations have made it all the more attractive. At the same time, FHE…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Roshan Dathathri , Blagovesta Kostova , Olli Saarikivi , Wei Dai , Kim Laine , Madanlal Musuvathi