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Multimodal large language models can exhibit text dominance, over-relying on linguistic priors instead of grounding predictions in non-text inputs. One example is large audio-language models (LALMs) where decisive audio evidence can be…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Neta Glazer , Lenny Aharon , Ethan Fetaya

Large Language Models (LLMs) can extend their parameter knowledge limits by adopting the Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) paradigm. However, existing LLM-based agent training framework often focuses on answers' accuracy, overlooking specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yifei Chen , Guanting Dong , Zhicheng Dou

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit in-context learning abilities which enable the same model to perform several tasks without any task-specific training. In contrast, traditional adaptation approaches, such as fine-tuning, modify the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Kush Bhatia , Avanika Narayan , Christopher De Sa , Christopher Ré

Vision-language models (VLMs) frequently generate hallucinated content plausible but incorrect claims about image content. We propose a training-free self-correction framework enabling VLMs to iteratively refine responses through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Kassoum Sanogo , Renzo Ardiccioni

Vision-and-language navigation (VLN), a frontier study aiming to pave the way for general-purpose robots, has been a hot topic in the computer vision and natural language processing community. The VLN task requires an agent to navigate to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Yifeng Zhuang , Qiang Sun , Yanwei Fu , Lifeng Chen , Xiangyang Xue

Language and vision-language models have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks, but their internal mechanisms remain only partly understood. In this work, we study how individual attention heads in text-generative models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Lorenzo Basile , Valentino Maiorca , Diego Doimo , Francesco Locatello , Alberto Cazzaniga

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to expand the capabilities of language models, but it is unclear if current RL techniques promote the discovery of novel behaviors, or simply sharpen those already present in the base model. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jens Tuyls , Dylan J. Foster , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Jordan T. Ash

Understanding an agent's goals helps explain and predict its behaviour, yet there is no established methodology for reliably attributing goals to agentic systems. We propose a framework for evaluating goal-directedness that integrates…

We introduce Mechanistic Error Reduction with Abstention (MERA), a principled framework for steering language models (LMs) to mitigate errors through selective, adaptive interventions. Unlike existing methods that rely on fixed, manually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Anna Hedström , Salim I. Amoukou , Tom Bewley , Saumitra Mishra , Manuela Veloso

Language models can distinguish between testing and deployment phases -- a capability known as evaluation awareness. This has significant safety and policy implications, potentially undermining the reliability of evaluations that are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Jord Nguyen , Khiem Hoang , Carlo Leonardo Attubato , Felix Hofstätter

Adjusting the latency, power, and accuracy of natural language understanding models is a desirable objective of an efficient architecture. This paper proposes an efficient Transformer architecture that adjusts the inference computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Sajjad Kachuee , Mohammad Sharifkhani

While large language models (LLMs) are trained to align with human values, their generations may still violate safety constraints. A growing line of work addresses this problem by modifying the model's sampling policy at decoding time using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Bat-Sheva Einbinder , Hen Davidov , Yee Whye Teh , Yarin Gal , Yaniv Romano

Integrating large language models (LLMs) in autonomous vehicles enables conversation with AI systems to drive the vehicle. However, it also emphasizes the requirement for such systems to comprehend commands accurately and achieve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Can Cui , Zichong Yang , Yupeng Zhou , Yunsheng Ma , Juanwu Lu , Lingxi Li , Yaobin Chen , Jitesh Panchal , Ziran Wang

Complex social behaviors, such as empathy and strategic politeness, are widely assumed to resist the directional decomposition that makes activation steering effective for coarse attributes like sentiment or toxicity. We present STAR:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Niranjan Chebrolu , Kokil Jaidka , Gerard Christopher Yeo

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable generalization capabilities in robotic manipulation tasks, yet their substantial computational overhead remains a critical obstacle to real-world deployment. Improving…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yujie Wei , Jiahan Fan , Jiyu Guo , Ruichen Zhen , Rui Shao , Xiu Su , Zeke Xie , Shuo Yang

The rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised significant environmental concerns. Unlike the one-time cost of training, LLM inference occurs continuously and dominates the AI energy footprint. Yet most sustainability studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hemang Jain , Shailender Goyal , Divyansh Pandey , Karthik Vaidhyanathan

Model steering represents a powerful technique that dynamically aligns large language models (LLMs) with human preferences during inference. However, conventional model-steering methods rely heavily on externally annotated data, not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Rongyi Zhu , Yuhui Wang , Tanqiu Jiang , Jiacheng Liang , Ting Wang

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit undesirable behaviours, such as generating untruthful or biased content. Editing their internal representations has been shown to be effective in mitigating such behaviours on top of the existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen

Truthfulness (adherence to factual accuracy) and utility (satisfying human needs and instructions) are both fundamental aspects of Large Language Models, yet these goals often conflict (e.g., sell a car with known flaws), which makes it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhe Su , Xuhui Zhou , Sanketh Rangreji , Anubha Kabra , Julia Mendelsohn , Faeze Brahman , Maarten Sap

Recent years have witnessed significant progress in autonomous navigation using reinforcement learning. However, existing approaches largely emphasize reinforcement learning framework design, such as input representations, action spaces,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhefan Xu , Hanyu Jin , Kenji Shimada