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Autonomous driving requires generating safe and reliable trajectories from complex multimodal inputs. Traditional modular pipelines separate perception, prediction, and planning, while recent end-to-end (E2E) systems learn them jointly.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Qihang Peng , Xuesong Chen , Chenye Yang , Shaoshuai Shi , Hongsheng Li

Autonomous driving necessitates the ability to reason about future interactions between traffic agents and to make informed evaluations for planning. This paper introduces the \textit{Gen-Drive} framework, which shifts from the traditional…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhiyu Huang , Xinshuo Weng , Maximilian Igl , Yuxiao Chen , Yulong Cao , Boris Ivanovic , Marco Pavone , Chen Lv

Most end-to-end autonomous driving methods rely on imitation learning from single expert demonstrations, often leading to conservative and homogeneous behaviors that limit generalization in complex real-world scenarios. In this work, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Ziying Song , Lin Liu , Hongyu Pan , Bencheng Liao , Mingzhe Guo , Lei Yang , Yongchang Zhang , Shaoqing Xu , Caiyan Jia , Yadan Luo

Human drivers adeptly navigate complex scenarios by utilizing rich attentional semantics, but the current autonomous systems struggle to replicate this ability, as they often lose critical semantic information when converting 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Pei Liu , Haipeng Liu , Haichao Liu , Xin Liu , Jinxin Ni , Jun Ma

Reinforcement learning for training end-to-end autonomous driving models in closed-loop simulations is gaining growing attention. However, most simulation environments differ significantly from real-world conditions, creating a substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Chaojun Ni , Guosheng Zhao , Xiaofeng Wang , Zheng Zhu , Wenkang Qin , Xinze Chen , Guanghong Jia , Guan Huang , Wenjun Mei

Autonomous driving is a challenging task that requires perceiving and understanding the surrounding environment for safe trajectory planning. While existing vision-based end-to-end models have achieved promising results, these methods are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Tengpeng Li , Hanli Wang , Xianfei Li , Wenlong Liao , Tao He , Pai Peng

Visual Language Models (VLMs), with powerful multimodal reasoning capabilities, are gradually integrated into autonomous driving by several automobile manufacturers to enhance planning capability in challenging environments. However, the…

Decision-making and motion planning constitute critical components for ensuring the safety and efficiency of autonomous vehicles (AVs). Existing methodologies typically adopt two paradigms: decision then planning or generation then scoring.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ruoyu Yao , Yubin Wang , Haichao Liu , Rui Yang , Zengqi Peng , Lei Zhu , Jun Ma

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as a prominent area of interest within the research community, given their proficiency in handling and reasoning with non-textual data, including images and videos. This study seeks to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zhenhua Xu , Yujia Zhang , Enze Xie , Zhen Zhao , Yong Guo , Kwan-Yee. K. Wong , Zhenguo Li , Hengshuang Zhao

End-to-end learning has emerged as a transformative paradigm in autonomous driving. However, the inherently multimodal nature of driving behaviors and the generalization challenges in long-tail scenarios remain critical obstacles to robust…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Rui Zhao , Yuze Fan , Ziguo Chen , Fei Gao , Zhenhai Gao

The utilization of Large Language Models (LLMs) within the realm of reinforcement learning, particularly as planners, has garnered a significant degree of attention in recent scholarly literature. However, a substantial proportion of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yiqun Duan , Qiang Zhang , Renjing Xu

Autonomous driving demands safe motion planning, especially in critical "long-tail" scenarios. Recent end-to-end autonomous driving systems leverage large language models (LLMs) as planners to improve generalizability to rare events.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Deepti Hegde , Rajeev Yasarla , Hong Cai , Shizhong Han , Apratim Bhattacharyya , Shweta Mahajan , Litian Liu , Risheek Garrepalli , Vishal M. Patel , Fatih Porikli

End-to-end autonomous driving has been recently seen rapid development, exerting a profound influence on both industry and academia. However, the existing work places excessive focus on ego-vehicle status as their sole learning objectives…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Rui Yu , Xianghang Zhang , Runkai Zhao , Huaicheng Yan , Meng Wang

Recent advancements in autonomous driving (AD) have explored the use of vision-language models (VLMs) within visual question answering (VQA) frameworks for direct driving decision-making. However, these approaches often depend on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xin Hu , Taotao Jing , Renran Tian , Zhengming Ding

Despite significant recent progress in the field of autonomous driving, modern methods still struggle and can incur serious accidents when encountering long-tail unforeseen events and challenging urban scenarios. On the one hand, large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Hao Shao , Yuxuan Hu , Letian Wang , Steven L. Waslander , Yu Liu , Hongsheng Li

In this work, we reconceptualize autonomous driving as a generalized language problem and formulate the trajectory planning task as next waypoint prediction. We introduce Max-V1, a novel framework for one-stage end-to-end autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Sheng Yang , Tong Zhan , Guancheng Chen , Yanfeng Lu , Jian Wang

Integrating vision-language models (VLMs) into end-to-end (E2E) autonomous driving (AD) systems has shown promise in improving scene understanding. However, existing integration strategies suffer from several limitations: they either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Wenhui Huang , Songyan Zhang , Qihang Huang , Zhidong Wang , Zhiqi Mao , Collister Chua , Zhan Chen , Long Chen , Chen Lv

Recent advances in autonomous driving research towards motion planners that are robust, safe, and adaptive. However, existing rule-based and data-driven planners lack adaptability to long-tail scenarios, while knowledge-driven methods offer…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Huaiyuan Yao , Pengfei Li , Bu Jin , Yupeng Zheng , An Liu , Lisen Mu , Qing Su , Qian Zhang , Yilun Chen , Peng Li

We address the decision-making capability within an end-to-end planning framework that focuses on motion prediction, decision-making, and trajectory planning. Specifically, we formulate decision-making and trajectory planning as a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Wenru Liu , Yongkang Song , Chengzhen Meng , Zhiyu Huang , Haochen Liu , Chen Lv , Jun Ma

End-to-end autonomous driving via Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models demands a precarious balance between high-fidelity trajectory planning and efficient inference. Existing paradigms typically fall short: autoregressive (AR) VLAs are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Kewei Zhang , Jin Wang , Sensen Gao , Chengyue Wu , Yulong Cao , Songyang Han , Boris Ivanovic , Langechuan Liu , Marco Pavone , Song Han , Daquan Zhou , Enze Xie