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Large language models (LLMs) exhibit hallucinations (i.e., unfaithful or nonsensical information) when serving as AI assistants in various domains. Since hallucinations always come with truthful content in the LLM responses, previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Yuzhe Gu , Wenwei Zhang , Chengqi Lyu , Dahua Lin , Kai Chen

While multimodal reasoning models (MLRMs) have exhibited impressive capabilities, they remain prone to hallucinations, and effective solutions are still underexplored. In this paper, we experimentally analyze the hallucination cause and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Hao Fang , Jinyu Li , Jiawei Kong , Tianqu Zhuang , Kuofeng Gao , Bin Chen , Shu-Tao Xia

Reinforcement learning for multi-step reasoning with large language models (LLMs) typically relies on sparse terminal rewards, which creates a poorly conditioned credit-assignment problem: the final feedback is propagated uniformly across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Fei Ding , Yongkang Zhang , Youwei Wang , Zijian Zeng

Matching job descriptions (JDs) with suitable talent requires models capable of understanding not only textual similarities between JDs and candidate resumes but also contextual factors such as geographical location and academic seniority.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Yafei Zhang , Murray Wang , Yu Wang , Xiaohui Wang

In this note, we examine the aggregation of preferences achieved by the Group Policy Optimisation (GRPO) algorithm, a reinforcement learning method used to train advanced artificial intelligence models such as DeepSeek-R1-Zero and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Milan Vojnovic , Se-Young Yun

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has exhibited promise in utilizing external knowledge, its generation process heavily depends on the quality and accuracy of the retrieved context. Large language models (LLMs) struggle to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shi-Qi Yan , Quan Liu , Zhen-Hua Ling

Large Language Models (LLMs) in multi-turn conversations often suffer from a ``lost-in-conversation'' phenomenon, where they struggle to recover from early incorrect assumptions, particularly when users provide ambiguous initial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Zhebo Wang , Xiaohu Mu , Zijie Zhou , Mohan Li , Wenpeng Xing , Dezhang Kong , Meng Han

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has become a standard approach for training mathematical reasoning models; however, its reliance on multiple completions per prompt makes training computationally expensive. Although recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Kangda Wei , Ruihong Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced in reasoning tasks through reinforcement learning (RL) optimization, achieving impressive capabilities across various challenging benchmarks. However, our empirical analysis reveals a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Junyi Li , Hwee Tou Ng

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) are expected to support multi-turn queries of interchanging image and text modalities in production. However, the current MLLMs trained with visual-question-answering (VQA) datasets could suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Shengzhi Li , Rongyu Lin , Shichao Pei

While fusing heterogeneous open-source LLMs with varying architectures and sizes can potentially integrate the strengths of different models, existing fusion methods face significant challenges, such as vocabulary alignment and merging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Ziyi Yang , Fanqi Wan , Longguang Zhong , Tianyuan Shi , Xiaojun Quan

Fairness in Continual Learning for Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) is an emerging yet underexplored challenge, particularly in the presence of imbalanced data distributions that can lead to biased model updates and suboptimal performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Thanh-Dat Truong , Huu-Thien Tran , Jackson Cothren , Bhiksha Raj , Khoa Luu

Instruction following (IF) is a critical capability for large language models (LLMs). However, handling complex instructions with multiple constraints remains challenging. Previous methods typically select preference pairs based on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Xiang Huang , Ting-En Lin , Feiteng Fang , Yuchuan Wu , Hangyu Li , Yuzhong Qu , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance but lack the flexibility to adapt to human preferences quickly without retraining. In this work, we introduce Test-time Preference Optimization (TPO), a framework that aligns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Yafu Li , Xuyang Hu , Xiaoye Qu , Linjie Li , Yu Cheng

This thesis develops theoretical frameworks and algorithms that advance constrained reinforcement learning (RL) across control, preference learning, and alignment of large language models. The first contribution addresses constrained Markov…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Akhil Agnihotri

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become pivotal in advancing natural language processing, yet their potential to perpetuate biases poses significant concerns. This paper introduces a new framework employing Direct Preference Optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Ahmed Allam

Recent developments in Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) allow large language models (LLMs) to function as implicit ranking models by maximizing the margin between preferred and non-preferred responses. In practice, user feedback on such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Junda Wu , Rohan Surana , Zhouhang Xie , Yiran Shen , Yu Xia , Tong Yu , Ryan A. Rossi , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Julian McAuley

Iterative preference optimization has recently become one of the de-facto training paradigms for large language models (LLMs), but the performance is still underwhelming due to too much noisy preference data yielded in the loop. To combat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Jianing Wang , Yang Zhou , Xiaocheng Zhang , Mengjiao Bao , Peng Yan

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have recently shown strong performance in visual understanding, yet they often lack temporal awareness, particularly in egocentric settings where reasoning depends on the correct ordering and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Zhiyang Xu , Tian Qin , Bowen Jin , Zhengfeng Lai , Meng Cao , Lifu Huang , Peng Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF) is the key to the success of large language models (LLMs) in recent years. In this work, we first introduce the concepts of knowledge breadth and knowledge depth, which measure the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Sizhe Wang , Yongqi Tong , Hengyuan Zhang , Dawei Li , Xin Zhang , Tianlong Chen