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Large Language Models (LLMs) are acquiring a wider range of capabilities, including understanding and responding in multiple languages. While they undergo safety training to prevent them from answering illegal questions, imbalances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Likai Tang , Niruth Bogahawatta , Yasod Ginige , Jiarui Xu , Shixuan Sun , Surangika Ranathunga , Suranga Seneviratne

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to support the analysis of complex financial disclosures, yet their reliability, behavioral consistency, and transparency remain insufficiently understood in high-stakes settings. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Md Talha Mohsin

One of the long-standing goals in optimisation and constraint programming is to describe a problem in natural language and automatically obtain an executable, efficient model. Large language models appear to bring this vision closer,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Alessio Pellegrino , Jacopo Mauro

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been shown to achieve impressive results for many reasoning-based NLP tasks, suggesting a degree of deductive reasoning capability. However, it remains unclear to which extent LLMs, in both informal and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Fabian Hoppe , Filip Ilievski , Jan-Christoph Kalo

Hallucination remains a key obstacle to the reliable deployment of large language models (LLMs) in real-world question answering tasks. A widely adopted strategy to detect hallucination, known as self-assessment, relies on the model's own…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jinyuan Luo , Zhen Fang , Yixuan Li , Seongheon Park , Ling Chen

Comprehensive evaluations of language models (LM) during both development and deployment phases are necessary because these models possess numerous capabilities (e.g., mathematical reasoning, legal support, or medical diagnostic) as well as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Sang Truong , Yuheng Tu , Percy Liang , Bo Li , Sanmi Koyejo

LLMs demonstrate remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet whether they utilize internal world models or rely on sophisticated pattern matching remains open. We study LLMs through the lens of robustness of their code understanding using a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Claudio Spiess , Prem Devanbu , Earl T. Barr

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in various applications, but they still face various inconsistency issues. Existing works primarily focus on the inconsistency issues within a single LLM, while we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Kai Xiong , Xiao Ding , Yixin Cao , Ting Liu , Bing Qin

Large Language Model (LLM)-based applications are increasingly deployed across various domains, including customer service, education, and mobility. However, these systems are prone to inaccurate, fictitious, or harmful responses, and their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Lev Sorokin , Ivan Vasilev , Ken E. Friedl , Andrea Stocco

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on logical reasoning benchmarks, yet their reliability remains uncertain. Existing evaluations rely on static benchmarks, which fail to assess robustness under logically equivalent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zenghui Zhou , Man Li , Xiaoke Fang , Xinyi Zhou , Weibin Li , Zheng Zheng

Recent strides in pretrained transformer-based language models have propelled state-of-the-art performance in numerous NLP tasks. Yet, as these models grow in size and deployment, their robustness under input perturbations becomes an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Wuxinlin Cheng , Yupeng Cao , Jinwen Wu , Koduvayur Subbalakshmi , Tian Han , Zhuo Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely employed in programming language analysis to enhance human productivity. Yet, their reliability can be compromised by various code distribution shifts, leading to inconsistent outputs. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-12 Yufei Li , Simin Chen , Yanghong Guo , Wei Yang , Yue Dong , Cong Liu

Experiments often yield non-identically distributed data for statistical analysis. Tests of hypothesis under such set-ups are generally performed using the likelihood ratio test, which is non-robust with respect to outliers and model…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-25 Abhik Ghosh , Ayanendranath Basu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

The swift advancement in the scales and capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) positions them as promising tools for a variety of downstream tasks. In addition to the pursuit of better performance and the avoidance of violent feedback…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Haoyu Wang , Guozheng Ma , Cong Yu , Ning Gui , Linrui Zhang , Zhiqi Huang , Suwei Ma , Yongzhe Chang , Sen Zhang , Li Shen , Xueqian Wang , Peilin Zhao , Dacheng Tao

Accurately estimating semantic aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties in large language models (LLMs) is particularly challenging in free-form question answering (QA), where obtaining stable estimates often requires many expensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Ji Won Park , Kyunghyun Cho

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly powerful and ubiquitous, but their stochastic nature poses challenges to the reliability of their outputs. While deterministic settings can improve consistency, they do not guarantee…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Kayla Schroeder , Zach Wood-Doughty

Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to adaptive jailbreaks that easily bypass empirical defenses like GCG. We propose a framework for certifiable robustness that shifts safety guarantees from single-pass inference to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Zehua Cheng , Jianwei Yang , Wei Dai , Jiahao Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs), already shown to ace various unstructured text comprehension tasks, have also remarkably been shown to tackle table (structured) comprehension tasks without specific training. Building on earlier studies of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Kushal Raj Bhandari , Sixue Xing , Soham Dan , Jianxi Gao

Enterprise LLM applications require consistently high quality and reliable performance across diverse scenarios, demanding robustness to minor variations. Existing research shows that even small prompt changes can lead to substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tara Bogavelli , Oluwanifemi Bamgbose , Gabrielle Gauthier Melançon , Fanny Riols , Roshnee Sharma