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Large language model agents suffer from fundamental architectural problems: entangled reasoning and execution, memory volatility, and uncontrolled action sequences. We introduce Structured Cognitive Loop (SCL), a modular architecture that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Myung Ho Kim

Spatial reasoning is a core aspect of human intelligence that allows perception, inference and planning in 3D environments. However, current vision-language models (VLMs) struggle to maintain geometric coherence and cross-view consistency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Qiyao Xue , Weichen Liu , Shiqi Wang , Haoming Wang , Yuyang Wu , Wei Gao

Puzzles have long served as compact and revealing probes of human cognition, isolating abstraction, rule discovery, and systematic reasoning with minimal reliance on prior knowledge. Leveraging these properties, visual puzzles have recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Maria Lymperaiou , Vasileios Karampinis , Giorgos Filandrianos , Angelos Vlachos , Chrysoula Zerva , Athanasios Voulodimos

Complex logical reasoning tasks require a long sequence of reasoning, which a large language model (LLM) with chain-of-thought prompting still falls short. To alleviate this issue, neurosymbolic approaches incorporate a symbolic solver.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hyun Ryu , Gyeongman Kim , Hyemin S. Lee , Eunho Yang

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Visual compliance verification is a critical yet underexplored problem in computer vision, especially in domains such as media, entertainment, and advertising where content must adhere to complex and evolving policy rules. Existing methods…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Rahul Ghosh , Baishali Chaudhury , Hari Prasanna Das , Meghana Ashok , Ryan Razkenari , Long Chen , Sungmin Hong , Chun-Hao Liu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of vision-language tasks. However, their performance as embodied agents, which requires multi-round dialogue spatial reasoning and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Xunyi Zhao , Gengze Zhou , Qi Wu

Visual reasoning -- the ability to interpret the visual world -- is crucial for embodied agents that operate within three-dimensional scenes. Progress in AI has led to vision and language models capable of answering questions from images.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Damiano Marsili , Rohun Agrawal , Yisong Yue , Georgia Gkioxari

Compositional reasoning remains a persistent weakness of modern vision language models (VLMs): they often falter when a task hinges on understanding how multiple objects, attributes, and relations interact within an image. Multiple research…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sanchit Sinha , Guangzhi Xiong , Aidong Zhang

Lately, researchers in artificial intelligence have been really interested in how language and vision come together, giving rise to the development of multimodal models that aim to seamlessly integrate textual and visual information.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Rajat Chawla , Arkajit Datta , Tushar Verma , Adarsh Jha , Anmol Gautam , Ayush Vatsal , Sukrit Chaterjee , Mukunda NS , Ishaan Bhola

We propose GAM-Agent, a game-theoretic multi-agent framework for enhancing vision-language reasoning. Unlike prior single-agent or monolithic models, GAM-Agent formulates the reasoning process as a non-zero-sum game between base…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jusheng Zhang , Yijia Fan , Wenjun Lin , Ruiqi Chen , Haoyi Jiang , Wenhao Chai , Jian Wang , Keze Wang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents exhibit systemic failures in compositional generalization, limiting their robustness in interactive environments. This work introduces AGEL-Comp, a neuro-symbolic AI agent architecture designed to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Mahnoor Shahid , Hannes Rothe

Generating high-quality Scalable Vector Graphics (SVGs) is challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs), as it requires advanced reasoning for structural validity, semantic accuracy, and visual coherence -- areas where current LLMs often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Ximing Xing , Ziteng Xue , Yandong Guan , Jing Zhang , Dong Xu , Qian Yu

Existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) follow the paradigm that perceives visual information by aligning visual features with the input space of Large Language Models (LLMs), and concatenating visual tokens with text tokens to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Feipeng Ma , Hongwei Xue , Guangting Wang , Yizhou Zhou , Fengyun Rao , Shilin Yan , Yueyi Zhang , Siying Wu , Mike Zheng Shou , Xiaoyan Sun

Natural Language Explanation (NLE) aims to elucidate the decision-making process by providing detailed, human-friendly explanations in natural language. It helps demystify the decision-making processes of large vision-language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Patrick Amadeus Irawan , Genta Indra Winata , Samuel Cahyawijaya , Ayu Purwarianti

Transforming a large language model (LLM) into a Vision-Language Model (VLM) can be achieved by mapping the visual tokens from a vision encoder into the embedding space of an LLM. Intriguingly, this mapping can be as simple as a shallow MLP…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Benno Krojer , Shravan Nayak , Oscar Mañas , Vaibhav Adlakha , Desmond Elliott , Siva Reddy , Marius Mosbach

Inference time scaling drives extended reasoning to enhance the performance of Vision-Language Models (VLMs), thus forming powerful Vision-Language Reasoning Models (VLRMs). However, long reasoning dilutes visual tokens, causing visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Xu Chu , Xinrong Chen , Guanyu Wang , Zhijie Tan , Kui Huang , Wenyu Lv , Tong Mo , Weiping Li

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) often yield inconsistent descriptions of the same object across viewpoints, hindering the ability of embodied agents to construct consistent semantic representations over time. Previous methods resolved…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Tommaso Galliena , Stefano Rosa , Tommaso Apicella , Pietro Morerio , Alessio Del Bue , Lorenzo Natale

Code has emerged as a precise and executable medium for reasoning and action in the agent era. Yet, progress has largely focused on language-centric tasks such as program synthesis and debugging, leaving visual-centric coding underexplored.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Yuhao Zheng , Hangyu Ran , Dantong Zhu , Dongxing Mao , Linjie Li , Philip Torr , Alex Jinpeng Wang

Large Vision Language Models (LVLMs) have achieved significant progress in integrating visual and textual inputs for multimodal reasoning. However, a recurring challenge is ensuring these models utilize visual information as effectively as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Estelle Aflalo , Gabriela Ben Melech Stan , Tiep Le , Man Luo , Shachar Rosenman , Sayak Paul , Shao-Yen Tseng , Vasudev Lal