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Pulsar timing arrays (PTA) are a promising probe to the cosmologically novel nanohertz gravitational wave (GW) regime through the stochastic GW background. In this work, we consider subluminal GW modes as a possible source of correlations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-05-26 Reginald Christian Bernardo , Kin-Wang Ng

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are searching for nanohertz-frequency gravitational waves (GWs) through cross-correlation of pulse arrival times from a set of radio pulsars. PTAs have relied upon a frequency-shift formula of the pulse, where…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-07-03 Ryousuke Kubo , Kakeru Yamahira , Hideki Asada

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), aimed at detecting gravitational waves (GWs) in the $1\sim 100$ nHz range, have recently made significant strides. Compelling evidence has emerged for a common spectrum signal spatially correlated among pulsars,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-31 Yu-Mei Wu , Yan-Chen Bi , Qing-Guo Huang

Pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations in North America, Australia, and Europe, have been exploiting the exquisite timing precision of millisecond pulsars over decades of observations to search for correlated timing deviations induced by…

Arrays of precisely-timed millisecond pulsars are used to search for gravitational waves with periods of months to decades. Gravitational waves affect the path of radio pulses propagating from a pulsar to Earth, causing the arrival times of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-11-13 Stephen R. Taylor

Several observational phenomena suggest that the standard model of cosmology and particle physics requires revision. To address this, we consider the extension of general relativity known as massive gravity (MG). In this Letter, we explore…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-04 Chris Choi , Tina Kahniashvili

Several pulsar-timing array (PTA) collaborations are finding tantalising hints for a stochastic gravitational wave background signal in the nano-Hertz regime. So far, though, no convincing evidence for the expected Hellings-Downs…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-04-20 Gianmassimo Tasinato

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations have recently gathered substantial evidence for the existence of a gravitational wave background in the nHz frequency band. Searching for anisotropies in this signal is key to determining its origin,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-02 Paul Frederik Depta , Valerie Domcke , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

Evidence of a gravitational wave (GW) signal has emerged in pulsar timing array (PTA) data, opening a new window into the nanoHz GW Universe. We explore the physics of GW signals potentially explaining the data, with a primary focus on GW…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-04 Alberto Sesana , Daniel G. Figueroa

Several pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments such as NANOGrav and PPTA recently reported evidence of a gravitational wave (GW) background at nano-Hz frequency band. This signal can originate from scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGW)…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-04 Junsong Cang , Yu Gao , Yiming Liu , Sichun Sun

The pulsar timing array (PTA) collaborations have recently suggested the presence of a gravitational wave background at nano-Hertz frequencies. In this paper, we explore potential inflationary interpretation of this signal within the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2023-11-14 Chengjie Fu , Jing Liu , Xing-Yu Yang , Wang-Wei Yu , Yawen Zhang

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are used to search for long-wavelength gravitational waves (GWs) by monitoring a set of spin-stable millisecond pulsars. Most theoretical analyses assume that the relevant GW sources are much more distant from…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-01-03 Dustin R. Madison , David F. Chernoff , James M. Cordes

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will enable the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from a population of supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) in the next $\sim 3-7$ years. In addition, PTAs provide a rare opportunity to probe…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-12 Xavier Siemens , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Paul T. Baker , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Dustin Madison , Chiara Mingarelli , Joseph Simon , Tristan Smith

We have begun an exciting era for gravitational wave detection, as several world-leading experiments are breaching the threshold of anticipated signal strengths. Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are pan-Galactic gravitational wave detectors that…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-11-26 Sarah Burke-Spolaor

We explore the potential of Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) such as NANOGrav, EPTA, and PPTA to detect the Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background (SGWB) in theories of massive gravity. In General Relativity, the function describing the…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-27 Qiuyue Liang , Mark Trodden

Gravitational waves are a radically new way to peer into the darkest depths of the cosmos. Pulsars can be used to make direct detections of gravitational waves through precision timing. When a gravitational wave passes between a pulsar and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-28 Stephen R. Taylor

Studies have shown that the use of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) is among the approaches with the highest potential to detect very low-frequency gravitational waves in the near future. Although the capture of gravitational waves (GWs) by PTAs…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-13 MengNi Chen , Yuanhong Zhong , Yi Feng , Di Li , Jin Li

Pulsars are very stable clocks in space which have many applications to problems in physics and astrophysics. Observations of double-neutron-star binary systems have given the first observational evidence for the existence of gravitational…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2010-04-22 R. N. Manchester

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) have recently provided compelling evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) in the nanohertz frequency band, offering a unique window into fundamental physics. Here, we explore implications…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-10 Mohammadreza Davari , Alireza Allahyari

The Hellings-Downs (HD) correlation serves as the fundamental benchmark for detecting the gravitational-wave background (GWB) in pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) within General Relativity (GR). However, this canonical signature relies on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-17 Yan-Chen Bi , Yu-Mei Wu , Qing-Guo Huang
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