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Retrieval plays a central role in multi-hop question answering (QA), where answering complex questions requires gathering multiple pieces of evidence. We introduce an Agentic Retrieval System that leverages large language models (LLMs) in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Md Mahadi Hasan Nahid , Davood Rafiei

Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) excel at comprehending human instructions and demonstrate remarkable results across a broad spectrum of tasks. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and AI Feedback (RLAIF) further refine LLMs by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Ju-Seung Byun , Jiyun Chun , Jihyung Kil , Andrew Perrault

Systems for language understanding have become remarkably strong at overcoming linguistic imperfections in tasks involving phrase matching or simple reasoning. Yet, their accuracy drops dramatically as the number of reasoning steps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Daniel Khashabi , Erfan Sadeqi Azer , Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Dan Roth

Regenerating natural language explanations in the scientific domain has been proposed as a benchmark to evaluate complex multi-hop and explainable inference. In this context, large language models can achieve state-of-the-art performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Marco Valentino , Mokanarangan Thayaparan , Deborah Ferreira , André Freitas

We present L-MARS (Legal Multi-Agent Workflow with Orchestrated Reasoning and Agentic Search), a multi-agent retrieval framework for grounded legal question answering that decomposes queries into structured sub-problems, retrieves evidence…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ziqi Wang , Boqin Yuan

Tool-Integrated Reasoning (TIR) with search engines enables large language models to iteratively retrieve up-to-date external knowledge, enhancing adaptability and generalization in complex question-answering tasks. However, existing search…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yaocheng Zhang , Haohuan Huang , Zijun Song , Yuanheng Zhu , Qichao Zhang , Zijie Zhao , Dongbin Zhao

Current Information Seeking (InfoSeeking) agents struggle to maintain focus and coherence during long-horizon exploration, as tracking search states, including planning procedure and massive search results, within one plain-text context is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Tian Lan , Felix Henry , Bin Zhu , Qianghuai Jia , Junyang Ren , Qihang Pu , Haijun Li , Longyue Wang , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo

While large pre-trained language models (LLMs) have shown their impressive capabilities in various NLP tasks, they are still under-explored in the misinformation domain. In this paper, we examine LLMs with in-context learning (ICL) for news…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Xuan Zhang , Wei Gao

Although large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capabilities, they still face challenges in knowledge-intensive multi-hop reasoning. Recent work explores iterative retrieval to address complex problems. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zheng Chu , Huiming Fan , Jingchang Chen , Qianyu Wang , Mingda Yang , Jiafeng Liang , Zhongjie Wang , Hao Li , Guo Tang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Multi-hop retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a promising strategy for complex reasoning, yet existing iterative prompting approaches remain inefficient. They often regenerate predictable token sequences at every step and rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jihwan Bang , Juntae Lee , Seunghan Yang , Sungha Choi

Agentic search enables LLMs to solve complex multi-hop questions through iterative reasoning and external search. Despite the effectiveness, these systems often suffer from a critical limitation in practice: agents fail to recognize their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunbo Tang , Chengyi Yang , Shiyu Liu , Zhishang Xiang , Zerui Chen , Qinggang Zhang , Jinsong Su

A multi-hop question answering (QA) dataset aims to test reasoning and inference skills by requiring a model to read multiple paragraphs to answer a given question. However, current datasets do not provide a complete explanation for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Xanh Ho , Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Applying Large Language Models (LLMs) to heterogeneous enterprise systems is hindered by hallucinations and failures in multi-hop, n-ary reasoning. Existing paradigms (e.g., GraphRAG, NL2SQL) lack the semantic grounding and auditable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ling Wang , Xin Liu , Songnan Liu , Jianan Wang , Cheng Cheng , Yihan Zhu , Enyu Li , Yu Xiao , Jiangyong Xie , Duogong Yan , Jiangyi Chen

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge. Current hybrid RAG system retrieves evidence from both knowledge graphs (KGs) and text documents to support LLM reasoning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Xingyu Tan , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Xin Yuan , Liming Zhu , Wenjie Zhang

Multi-relation Question Answering is a challenging task, due to the requirement of elaborated analysis on questions and reasoning over multiple fact triples in knowledge base. In this paper, we present a novel model called Interpretable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Mantong Zhou , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) and Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have enabled agentic search systems that interleave multi-step reasoning with external tool use. However, existing frameworks largely rely on unstructured…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Shuting Wang , Qiaolin Xia , Vich Wang , Herberttli , Bobsimons , Zhicheng Dou

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

Indexing is an important step towards strong performance in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems. However, existing methods organize data based on either semantic similarity (similarity) or related information (relatedness), but do…

Hierarchical task decomposition is a method used in many agent systems to organize agent knowledge. This work shows how the combination of a hierarchy and persistent assertions of knowledge can lead to difficulty in maintaining logical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-06-27 J. E. Laird , R. E. Wray

Diagnosing hepatic diseases accurately and interpretably is critical, yet it remains challenging in real-world clinical settings. Existing AI approaches for clinical diagnosis often lack transparency, structured reasoning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zheng Li , Jiayi Xu , Zhikai Hu , Hechang Chen , Lele Cong , Yunyun Wang , Shuchao Pang