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Large language models (LLMs) show strong reasoning abilities across diverse tasks, yet their performance on extended contexts remains inconsistent. While prior research has emphasized mid-context degradation in question answering, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Pietro Bernardelle , Stefano Civelli , Kevin Roitero , Gianluca Demartini

Understanding and quantifying uncertainty in large language model (LLM) outputs is critical for reliable deployment. However, traditional evaluation approaches provide limited insight into model confidence at individual token positions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Farhan Ahmed , Yuya Jeremy Ong , Chad DeLuca

Despite the impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) pretrained on vast knowledge corpora, advancing their knowledge manipulation-the ability to effectively recall, reason, and transfer relevant knowledge-remains challenging.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Qitan Lv , Tianyu Liu , Qiaosheng Zhang , Xingcheng Xu , Chaochao Lu

We introduce Holmes, a new benchmark designed to assess language models (LMs) linguistic competence - their unconscious understanding of linguistic phenomena. Specifically, we use classifier-based probing to examine LMs' internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Andreas Waldis , Yotam Perlitz , Leshem Choshen , Yufang Hou , Iryna Gurevych

Long-horizon interactions require language models to manage accumulating information: when to update their state, when to preserve their state, and what to ignore. We study this challenge as \textbf{Contextual Belief Management (CBM)}:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Haoming Xu , Weihong Xu , Zongrui Li , Mengru Wang , Yunzhi Yao , Chiyu Wu , Jin Shang , Yu Gong , Shumin Deng

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in high-stakes and operational settings, evaluation strategies based solely on aggregate accuracy are often insucient to characterize system reliability. This study proposes a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Hikmat Karimov , Rahid Zahid Alekberli

The evaluation of large language models (LLMs) relies heavily on standardized benchmarks. These benchmarks provide useful aggregated metrics for a given capability, but those aggregated metrics can obscure (i) particular sub-areas where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Matyas Bohacek , Nino Scherrer , Nicholas Dufour , Thomas Leung , Christoph Bregler , Stephanie C. Y. Chan

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have spurred a new research paradigm in natural language processing. Despite their excellent capability in knowledge-based question answering and reasoning, their potential to retain faulty or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Nianwen Si , Hao Zhang , Heyu Chang , Wenlin Zhang , Dan Qu , Weiqiang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited impressive proficiency in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, which involve increasingly complex reasoning. Knowledge reasoning, a primary type of reasoning, aims at deriving new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Yifei Zhang , Xintao Wang , Jiaqing Liang , Sirui Xia , Lida Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Although large language models (LLMs) excel in knowledge recall and reasoning, their static nature leads to outdated information as the real world evolves or when adapting to domain-specific knowledge, highlighting the need for effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Ruoxi Xu , Yunjie Ji , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Ben He , Yingfei Sun , Xiangang Li , Le Sun

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant success in performing varied natural language tasks such as language translation, question-answering, summarizing, fact-checking, etc. Despite LLMs' impressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Bishwamittra Ghosh , Sarah Hasan , Naheed Anjum Arafat , Arijit Khan

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has profoundly transformed the paradigms of information retrieval and problem-solving, enabling students to access information acquisition more efficiently to support learning. However, there is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yiming Luo , Ting Liu , Patrick Cheong-Iao Pang , Dana McKay , Ziqi Chen , George Buchanan , Shanton Chang

Existing benchmarks that measure cultural adaptation in LLMs are misaligned with the actual challenges these models face when interacting with users from diverse cultural backgrounds. In this work, we introduce the first framework and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shreya Havaldar , Sunny Rai , Young-Min Cho , Lyle Ungar

Although Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong capabilities across various tasks, they exhibit significant performance discrepancies across languages. While prompting LLMs in English typically yields the highest general…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Andrew Ivan Soegeng , Patrick Sutanto , Tan Sang Nguyen

Accurate evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is crucial for understanding their capabilities and guiding their development. However, current evaluations often inconsistently reflect the actual capacities of these models. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xiang Li , Jiayi Xin , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise as parametric knowledge bases, but often underperform on question answering (QA) tasks due to hallucinations and uncertainty. While prior work attributes these failures to knowledge gaps in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xingjian Tao , Yiwei Wang , Yujun Cai , Zhicheng Yang , Jing Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on web-scale text corpora have been shown to capture world knowledge in their parameters. However, the mechanism by which language models store different types of knowledge is poorly understood. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-08 Jared Fernandez , Yonatan Bisk , Emma Strubell

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly strong contenders in machine translation. In this work, we focus on document-level translation, where some words cannot be translated without context from outside the sentence. Specifically, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wafaa Mohammed , Vlad Niculae

There is vivid research on adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. Despite their popularity, there is a lack of understanding of the extent and contributing factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Anand Subramanian , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Vijay Prakash Dwivedi , Stefan Winkler

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as decision-support tools in data-constrained scientific workflows, where correctness and validity are critical. However, evaluation practices often emphasize stability or reproducibility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Nazia Riasat