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Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), with its enhanced degrees of freedom compared to conventional RIS, has demonstrated notable potential for enhancing wireless communication performance. However, a key challenge in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-15 Yijie Liu , Weidong Mei , He Sun , Dong Wang , Peilan Wang

In this letter, we investigate the transmission of a complex-valued parameter vector from a transmitter to an intended receiver, considering both the presence and absence of an eavesdropper. The direct links from the transmitter to both the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-12 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Sinan Gezici

The beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a recent architecture in which scattering elements are interconnected to enhance the degrees of freedom for wave control, yielding performance gains over traditional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , André L. F. de Almeida , Buno Sokal , Gabor Fodor

The technology of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) has been showing promising potential in a variety of applications relying on Beyond-5G networks. Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) can indeed provide fine channel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-28 Moustafa Rahal , Benoit Denis , Kamran Keykhosravi , Musa Furkan Keskin , Bernard Uguen , George C. Alexandropoulos , Henk Wymeersch

Novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architectures, known as beyond diagonal RISs (BD-RISs), have been proposed to enhance reflection efficiency and expand RIS capabilities. However, their passive nature, non-diagonal reflection…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Nipuni Ginige , Arthur Sousa de Sena , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Nandana Rajatheva , Matti Latva-aho

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) is a promising technology for further improving spectral efficiency (SE) with low cost and power consumption. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Yizhuo Li , Jiakang Zheng , Bokai Xu , Yiyang Zhu , Jiayi Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Bo Ai

This letter considers a beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) aided integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where the BD-RIS can help a multi-antenna base station (BS) serve multiple user equipments (UEs)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Weifeng Zhu , Haijun Zhang

The parametrization of wireless channels by so-called "beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces" (BD-RIS) is mathematically characterized by a matrix whose off-diagonal entries are partially or fully populated. Physically, this…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Philipp del Hougne

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a new architecture for RIS where elements are interconnected to provide more wave manipulation flexibility than traditional single connected RIS, enhancing data rate and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Bruno Sokal , Fazal-E-Asim , André L. F. de Almeida , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) extends conventional RIS through novel architectures, such as group-connected RIS, with scattering matrix not restricted to being diagonal. However, it remains unexplored how to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) has emerged as a technology enabling wave domain beamforming through multiple stacked reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). SIM has been implemented so far with diagonal RIS (D-RIS), while SIM…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology is a promising solution to improve the performance of existing wireless communications. To achieve its cost-effectiveness advantage, there inevitably exist certain hardware impairments in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Yiming Liu , Rui Wang , Zhu Han

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a spectrum- and energy-efficient technology to enhance the coverage of wireless communications within the upcoming 6G networks. Recently, novel extensions of this technology,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-07 Mostafa Samy , Hayder Al-Hraishawi , Abuzar B. M. Adam , Konstantinos Ntontin , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Otteresten

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been anticipated to be a novel cost-effective technology to improve the performance of future wireless systems. In this paper, we investigate a practical RIS-aided multiple-input-multiple-output…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Jintao Wang , Shiqi Gong , Qingqing Wu , Shaodan Ma

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have been actively researched as a potential technique for future wireless communications, which intelligently ameliorate the signal propagation environment. In the conventional design, each RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Ibrahim Hemadeh , Arman Shojaeifard , Alain A. M. Mourad , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation, offering unprecedented control over wave reflections compared to traditional metallic reflectors. By utilizing…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-11 Hossein Rezaei , Mehmet Emin Arslan , George Yammine , Niels Neumann , Norman Franchi

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a promising technology for next-generation wireless communications, offering energy-efficient control of electromagnetic (EM) waves. While conventional RIS models based on phase…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Ayane Lebeta Goshu , Placido Mursia , Vincenzo Sciancalepore , Marco Di Renzo , Xavier Costa-Pérez

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

This work investigates a practical reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-aided integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where a subset of RIS elements fail to function properly and reflect incident signals randomly towards…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Lu Wang , Gui Zhou , Changheng Li , Luis F. Abanto-Leon , Nairy Moghadas Gholian , Matthias Hollick , Arash Asadi