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Optimizers leveraging the matrix structure in neural networks, such as Shampoo and Muon, are more data-efficient than element-wise algorithms like Adam and Signum. While in specific settings, Shampoo and Muon reduce to spectral descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Runa Eschenhagen , Anna Cai , Tsung-Hsien Lee , Hao-Jun Michael Shi

Preconditioned gradient methods are among the most general and powerful tools in optimization. However, preconditioning requires storing and manipulating prohibitively large matrices. We describe and analyze a new structure-aware…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-05 Vineet Gupta , Tomer Koren , Yoram Singer

Shampoo is one of the leading approximate second-order optimizers: a variant of it has won the MLCommons AlgoPerf competition, and it has been shown to produce models with lower activation outliers that are easier to compress. Yet, applying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ionut-Vlad Modoranu , Philip Zmushko , Erik Schultheis , Mher Safaryan , Dan Alistarh

In this paper, we present a comprehensive study on the convergence properties of Adam-family methods for nonsmooth optimization, especially in the training of nonsmooth neural networks. We introduce a novel two-timescale framework that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-20 Nachuan Xiao , Xiaoyin Hu , Xin Liu , Kim-Chuan Toh

Second-order methods hold significant promise for enhancing the convergence of deep neural network training; however, their large memory and computational demands have limited their practicality. Thus there is a need for scalable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Fnu Devvrit , Sai Surya Duvvuri , Rohan Anil , Vineet Gupta , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Inderjit Dhillon

Deep neural networks often suffer from poor generalization caused by complex and non-convex loss landscapes. One of the popular solutions is Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), which smooths the loss landscape via minimizing the maximized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Peng Mi , Li Shen , Tianhe Ren , Yiyi Zhou , Xiaoshuai Sun , Rongrong Ji , Dacheng Tao

Deep neural networks often suffer from poor generalization due to complex and non-convex loss landscapes. Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is a popular solution that smooths the loss landscape by minimizing the maximized change of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Peng Mi , Li Shen , Tianhe Ren , Yiyi Zhou , Tianshuo Xu , Xiaoshuai Sun , Tongliang Liu , Rongrong Ji , Dacheng Tao

Proper optimization of deep neural networks is an open research question since an optimal procedure to change the learning rate throughout training is still unknown. Manually defining a learning rate schedule involves troublesome…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-18 David Macêdo , Pedro Dreyer , Teresa Ludermir , Cleber Zanchettin

Shampoo is an online and stochastic optimization algorithm belonging to the AdaGrad family of methods for training neural networks. It constructs a block-diagonal preconditioner where each block consists of a coarse Kronecker product…

Supervised classification is the most active and emerging research trends in today's scenario. In this view, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques have been widely employed and growing interest to the researchers day by day. ANN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-16 Arijit Nandi , Nanda Dulal Jana

Spiking neural networks have gained significant attention due to their brain-like information processing capabilities. The use of surrogate gradients has made it possible to train spiking neural networks with backpropagation, leading to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Yiting Dong , Yang Li , Yi Zeng

Several recently introduced deep learning optimizers utilizing matrix-level preconditioning have shown promising speedups relative to the current dominant optimizer AdamW, particularly in relatively small-scale experiments. However, efforts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shikai Qiu , Zixi Chen , Hoang Phan , Qi Lei , Andrew Gordon Wilson

There is growing evidence of the effectiveness of Shampoo, a higher-order preconditioning method, over Adam in deep learning optimization tasks. However, Shampoo's drawbacks include additional hyperparameters and computational overhead when…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Nikhil Vyas , Depen Morwani , Rosie Zhao , Mujin Kwun , Itai Shapira , David Brandfonbrener , Lucas Janson , Sham Kakade

Normalization methods improve both optimization and generalization of ConvNets. To further boost performance, the recently-proposed switchable normalization (SN) provides a new perspective for deep learning: it learns to select different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Wenqi Shao , Tianjian Meng , Jingyu Li , Ruimao Zhang , Yudian Li , Xiaogang Wang , Ping Luo

Robust iterative methods for solving large sparse systems of linear algebraic equations often suffer from the problem of optimizing the corresponding tuning parameters. To improve the performance of the problem of interest, specific…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-10-18 Andrey Petrushov , Boris Krasnopolsky

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) aim to bridge the gap between neuroscience and machine learning by emulating the structure of the human nervous system. However, like convolutional neural networks, SNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Weiran Chen , Qi Xu

Many training methods, such as Adam(W) and Shampoo, learn a positive-definite curvature matrix and apply an inverse root before preconditioning. Recently, non-diagonal training methods, such as Shampoo, have gained significant attention;…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-31 Wu Lin , Felix Dangel , Runa Eschenhagen , Juhan Bae , Richard E. Turner , Roger B. Grosse

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted enormous research interest due to temporal information processing capability, low power consumption, and high biological plausibility. However, the formulation of efficient and high-performance…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Wei Fang , Zhaofei Yu , Yanqi Chen , Timothee Masquelier , Tiejun Huang , Yonghong Tian

Sparse training is a natural idea to accelerate the training speed of deep neural networks and save the memory usage, especially since large modern neural networks are significantly over-parameterized. However, most of the existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Xiao Zhou , Weizhong Zhang , Zonghao Chen , Shizhe Diao , Tong Zhang

We study online linear optimization with matrix variables constrained by the operator norm, a setting where the geometry renders designing data-dependent and efficient adaptive algorithms challenging. The best-known adaptive regret bounds…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Ruichen Jiang , Zakaria Mhammedi , Mehryar Mohri , Aryan Mokhtari
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