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Large Language Models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks; however, how to comprehensively and accurately assess their performance becomes an urgent issue to be addressed. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Xiaotian Zhang , Chunyang Li , Yi Zong , Zhengyu Ying , Liang He , Xipeng Qiu

Thanks to their linguistic capabilities, LLMs offer an opportunity to bridge the gap between informal mathematics and formal languages through autoformalization. However, it is still unclear how well LLMs generalize to sophisticated and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Lan Zhang , Marco Valentino , Andre Freitas

Theorem proving serves as a major testbed for evaluating complex reasoning abilities in large language models (LLMs). However, traditional automated theorem proving (ATP) approaches rely heavily on formal proof systems that poorly align…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Ziyin Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Zhiwei He , Tian Liang , Qiuzhi Liu , Yansi Li , Linfeng Song , Zhenwen Liang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Recent work has shown that integrating large language models (LLMs) with theorem provers (TPs) in neuro-symbolic pipelines helps with entailment verification and proof-guided refinement of explanations for natural language inference (NLI).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Xin Quan , Marco Valentino , Louise A. Dennis , André Freitas

LLMs have demonstrated strong mathematical reasoning abilities by leveraging reinforcement learning with long chain-of-thought, yet they continue to struggle with theorem proving due to the lack of clear supervision signals when solely…

Reliable autoformalization remains challenging even in the era of large language models (LLMs). The scarcity of high-quality training data is a major bottleneck. Expert annotation requires substantial time and deep expertise in both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Param Biyani , Shashank Kirtania , Yasharth Bajpai , Sumit Gulwani , Ashish Tiwari

Formal specifications, such as pre- and post-conditions provide a solid basis for performing thorough program verification. However, developers rarely provide such formal specifications, hence if AI could help in constructing them, it would…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-19 I. S. W. B. Prasetya , Fitsum Kifetew , Davide Prandi

Autoformalization addresses the scarcity of data for Automated Theorem Proving (ATP) by translating mathematical problems from natural language into formal statements. Efforts in recent work shift from directly prompting large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Qi Guo , Jianing Wang , Jianfei Zhang , Deyang Kong , Xiangzhou Huang , Xiangyu Xi , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

We explore the application of transformer-based language models to automated theorem proving. This work is motivated by the possibility that a major limitation of automated theorem provers compared to humans -- the generation of original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Stanislas Polu , Ilya Sutskever

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has introduced new possibilities and challenges in physics education, necessitating rigorous evaluation of their capabilities as both problem solvers and automated assessors. This paper…

Physics Education · Physics 2026-05-25 Jonah R. Donaldson , Aliya Navaz , Konstantinos Doran , Alysta Lim , Mario Campanelli

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has become the de facto method to elicit reasoning capabilities from large language models (LLMs). However, to mitigate hallucinations in CoT that are notoriously difficult to detect, current methods such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Chengwu Liu , Ye Yuan , Yichun Yin , Yan Xu , Xin Xu , Zaoyu Chen , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Ming Zhang

After the introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs), there have been substantial improvements in the performance of Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks, including Text Summarization and Machine Translation. However, LLMs still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Alessandro Scirè , Andrei Stefan Bejgu , Simone Tedeschi , Karim Ghonim , Federico Martelli , Roberto Navigli

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance across various natural language processing tasks, yet their proficiency in mathematical reasoning remains a key challenge. Addressing the gap between natural and mathematical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xuhan Huang , Qingning Shen , Yan Hu , Anningzhe Gao , Benyou Wang

Mathematical theorem proving is an important testbed for large language models' deep and abstract reasoning capability. This paper focuses on improving LLMs' ability to write proofs in formal languages that permit automated proof…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Kefan Dong , Arvind Mahankali , Tengyu Ma

Recent work shows superior performance when using large language models (LLMs) as formalizers instead of as end-to-end solvers for symbolic reasoning problems. Given the problem description, the LLM generates a formal program that derives a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Rikhil Amonkar , Ceyhun Efe Kayan , Qimei Lai , Ronan Le Bras , Li Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning capabilities, leading to their adoption in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, law, and scientific research. However, their reasoning often contains subtle logical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xinyi Zheng , Ningke Li , Xiaokun Luan , Kailong Wang , Ling Shi , Meng Sun , Haoyu Wang

We introduce Goedel-Prover, an open-source language model that achieves state-of-the-art (as of April 5 2025) performance in automated formal proof generation for mathematical problems. A key challenge in this field is the scarcity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yong Lin , Shange Tang , Bohan Lyu , Jiayun Wu , Hongzhou Lin , Kaiyu Yang , Jia Li , Mengzhou Xia , Danqi Chen , Sanjeev Arora , Chi Jin

This paper investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in formulating and solving decision-making problems using mathematical programming. We first conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman , Yasmeen Alslman , Dania Refai , Amro Saleh , Malik A. Abu Loha , Mohammad Yahya Hamed

In recent progress, mathematical verifiers have achieved success in mathematical reasoning tasks by validating the correctness of solutions generated by policy models. However, existing verifiers are trained with binary classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Bofei Gao , Zefan Cai , Runxin Xu , Peiyi Wang , Ce Zheng , Runji Lin , Keming Lu , Dayiheng Liu , Chang Zhou , Wen Xiao , Junjie Hu , Tianyu Liu , Baobao Chang

Artificial intelligence assisted mathematical proof has become a highly focused area nowadays. One key problem in this field is to generate formal mathematical proofs from natural language proofs. Due to historical reasons, the formal proof…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Lihan Xie , Zhicheng Hui , Qinxiang Cao