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Learning to rank systems has become an important aspect of our daily life. However, the implicit user feedback that is used to train many learning to rank models is usually noisy and suffered from user bias (i.e., position bias). Thus,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Anh Tran , Tao Yang , Qingyao Ai

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) that learns to rank documents with biased user feedback data is a well-known challenge in information retrieval. Existing methods in unbiased learning to rank typically rely on click modeling or inverse…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Dan Luo , Lixin Zou , Qingyao Ai , Zhiyu Chen , Dawei Yin , Brian D. Davison

Counterfactual Learning to Rank (LTR) methods optimize ranking systems using logged user interactions that contain interaction biases. Existing methods are only unbiased if users are presented with all relevant items in every ranking. There…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

When using LLMs to rank items based on given criteria, or evaluate answers, the order of candidate items can influence the model's final decision. This sensitivity to item positioning in a LLM's prompt is known as position bias. Prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ali Vardasbi , Gustavo Penha , Claudia Hauff , Hugues Bouchard

Unbiased learning to rank (ULTR) studies the problem of mitigating various biases from implicit user feedback data such as clicks, and has been receiving considerable attention recently. A popular ULTR approach for real-world applications…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Yunan Zhang , Le Yan , Zhen Qin , Honglei Zhuang , Jiaming Shen , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky , Marc Najork

Most existing unbiased learning-to-rank (ULTR) approaches are based on the user examination hypothesis, which assumes that users will click a result only if it is both relevant and observed (typically modeled by position). However, in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Lulu Yu , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Shihao Liu , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Learning to Rank (LTR) from user interactions is challenging as user feedback often contains high levels of bias and noise. At the moment, two methodologies for dealing with bias prevail in the field of LTR: counterfactual methods that…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Rolf Jagerman , Harrie Oosterhuis , Maarten de Rijke

Learning to rank with implicit feedback is one of the most important tasks in many real-world information systems where the objective is some specific utility, e.g., clicks and revenue. However, we point out that existing methods based on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Xinyi Dai , Jiawei Hou , Qing Liu , Yunjia Xi , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang , Xiuqiang He , Jun Wang , Yong Yu

Users' clicks on Web search results are one of the key signals for evaluating and improving web search quality and have been widely used as part of current state-of-the-art Learning-To-Rank(LTR) models. With a large volume of search logs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Jianghong Zhou , Sayyed M. Zahiri , Simon Hughes , Khalifeh Al Jadda , Surya Kallumadi , Eugene Agichtein

Position bias, i.e., users' preference of an item is affected by its placing position, is well studied in the recommender system literature. However, most existing methods ignore the widely coupled ranking bias, which is also related to the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yao Zhao , Zhining Liu , Tianchi Cai , Haipeng Zhang , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu

Position bias is a critical problem in information retrieval when dealing with implicit yet biased user feedback data. Unbiased ranking methods typically rely on causality models and debias the user feedback through inverse propensity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Jiarui Jin , Yuchen Fang , Weinan Zhang , Kan Ren , Guorui Zhou , Jian Xu , Yong Yu , Jun Wang , Xiaoqiang Zhu , Kun Gai

Information retrieval systems, such as online marketplaces, news feeds, and search engines, are ubiquitous in today's digital society. They facilitate information discovery by ranking retrieved items on predicted relevance, i.e. likelihood…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-16 Rina Friedberg , Karthik Rajkumar , Jialiang Mao , Qian Yao , YinYin Yu , Min Liu

Recommender and search systems commonly rely on Learning To Rank models trained on logged user interactions to order items by predicted relevance. However, such interaction data is often subject to position bias, as users are more likely to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Aleksandr V. Petrov , Michael Murtagh , Karthik Nagesh

Learning to rank with biased click data is a well-known challenge. A variety of methods has been explored to debias click data for learning to rank such as click models, result interleaving and, more recently, the unbiased learning-to-rank…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-04-25 Qingyao Ai , Keping Bi , Cheng Luo , Jiafeng Guo , W. Bruce Croft

Common click-through rate (CTR) prediction recommender models tend to exhibit feature-level bias, which leads to unfair recommendations among item groups and inaccurate recommendations for users. While existing methods address this issue by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jinqiu Jin , Sihao Ding , Wenjie Wang , Fuli Feng

Estimating position bias is a well-known challenge in Learning to Rank (L2R). Click data in e-commerce applications, such as targeted advertisements and search engines, provides implicit but abundant feedback to improve personalized…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Shion Ishikawa , Yun Ching Liu , Young-Joo Chung , Yu Hirate

Ranking items regarding individual user interests is a core technique of multiple downstream tasks such as recommender systems. Learning such a personalized ranker typically relies on the implicit feedback from users' past click-through…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jiarui Jin , Zexue He , Mengyue Yang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu , Jun Wang , Julian McAuley

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) is a supervised machine learning approach that constructs models specifically designed to order a set of items or documents based on their relevance or importance to a given query or context. Despite significant…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Camilo Gomez , Pengyang Wang , Yanjie Fu

Personalization is a crucial aspect of many online experiences. In particular, content ranking is often a key component in delivering sophisticated personalization results. Commonly, supervised learning-to-rank methods are applied, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Beyza Ermis , Patrick Ernst , Yannik Stein , Giovanni Zappella

In counterfactual learning to rank (CLTR) user interactions are used as a source of supervision. Since user interactions come with bias, an important focus of research in this field lies in developing methods to correct for the bias of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-20 Ali Vardasbi , Maarten de Rijke , Ilya Markov