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The intrinsic Helmholtz free-energy functional, the centerpiece of classical density functional theory, is at best only known approximately for 3D systems. Here we introduce a method for learning a neuralnetwork approximation of this…

Deep neural networks are an attractive alternative for simulating complex dynamical systems, as in comparison to traditional scientific computing methods, they offer reduced computational costs during inference and can be trained directly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Katarzyna Michałowska , Somdatta Goswami , George Em Karniadakis , Signe Riemer-Sørensen

Neural Operators (NOs) are machine learning models designed to solve partial differential equations (PDEs) by learning to map between function spaces. Neural Operators such as the Deep Operator Network (DeepONet) and the Fourier Neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-30 W. Diab , M. Al-Kobaisi

Neural operator methods have emerged as powerful tools for learning mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces, yet their potential in optimal control remains largely unexplored. We focus on multi-task control problems, whose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 David Sewell , Xingjian Li , Stepan Tretiakov , Krishna Kumar , David Fridovich-Keil

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have emerged as leading surrogates for solver operators for various functional problems, yet their stability, generalization and frequency behavior lack a principled explanation. We present a systematic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Taeyoung Kim

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are generated by sequentially performing linear and non-linear processes. Using a combination of linear and non-linear procedures is critical for generating a sufficiently deep feature space. The majority of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Yufei Hu , Nacim Belkhir , Jesus Angulo , Angela Yao , Gianni Franchi

An important application of neural networks to scientific computing has been the learning of non-linear operators. In this framework, a neural network is trained to fit a non-linear map between two infinite dimensional spaces, for example,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Shao-Ting Chiu , Aditya Nambiar , Ali Syed , Jonathan W. Siegel , Ulisses Braga-Neto

Deep Operator Networks (DeepOnets) have revolutionized the domain of scientific machine learning for the solution of the inverse problem for dynamical systems. However, their implementation necessitates optimizing a high-dimensional space…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Gianluca Fabiani , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis , Constantinos Siettos , Athanasios N. Yannacopoulos

The classical development of neural networks has primarily focused on learning mappings between finite dimensional Euclidean spaces or finite sets. We propose a generalization of neural networks to learn operators, termed neural operators,…

The neural operator has emerged as a powerful tool in learning mappings between function spaces in PDEs. However, when faced with real-world physical data, which are often highly non-uniformly distributed, it is challenging to use…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Songming Liu , Zhongkai Hao , Chengyang Ying , Hang Su , Ze Cheng , Jun Zhu

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) can learn highly nonlinear mappings between function spaces, and have recently become a popular tool for learning responses of complex physical systems. However, to achieve good accuracy and efficiency, FNOs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Ning Liu , Siavash Jafarzadeh , Yue Yu

The accuracy of density-functional theory (DFT) is determined by the quality of the approximate functionals, such as exchange-correlation in electronic DFT and the excess functional in the classical DFT formalism of fluids. The exact…

Deep neural operators can learn nonlinear mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces via deep neural networks. As promising surrogate solvers of partial differential equations (PDEs) for real-time prediction, deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Min Zhu , Handi Zhang , Anran Jiao , George Em Karniadakis , Lu Lu

We present $\phi-$DeepONet, a physics-informed neural operator designed to learn mappings between function spaces that may contain discontinuities or exhibit non-smooth behavior. Classical neural operators are based on the universal…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Sumanta Roy , Stephen T. Castonguay , Pratanu Roy , Michael D. Shields

Neural Operators (NOs) are a powerful deep learning framework designed to learn the solution operator that arise from partial differential equations. This study investigates NOs ability to capture the stiff spatio-temporal dynamics of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Luca Pellegrini

Operator regression provides a powerful means of constructing discretization-invariant emulators for partial-differential equations (PDEs) describing physical systems. Neural operators specifically employ deep neural networks to approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Katiana Kontolati , Somdatta Goswami , George Em Karniadakis , Michael D. Shields

We develop a theoretical analysis for special neural network architectures, termed operator recurrent neural networks, for approximating nonlinear functions whose inputs are linear operators. Such functions commonly arise in solution…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-01-05 Maarten V. de Hoop , Matti Lassas , Christopher A. Wong

Neural operators generalize classical neural networks to maps between infinite-dimensional spaces, e.g., function spaces. Prior works on neural operators proposed a series of novel methods to learn such maps and demonstrated unprecedented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-08 Md Ashiqur Rahman , Zachary E. Ross , Kamyar Azizzadenesheli

Fourier Neural Operators (FNOs) have demonstrated exceptional accuracy in mapping functional spaces by leveraging Fourier transforms to establish a connection with underlying physical principles. However, their opaque inner workings often…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2025-11-04 Marco Cayuela , Vincent Le Chenadec , Peter Schmid , Taraneh Sayadi

Density functional theory (DFT) is one of the main methods in Quantum Chemistry that offers an attractive trade off between the cost and accuracy of quantum chemical computations. The electron density plays a key role in DFT. In this work,…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2018-09-11 Anton V. Sinitskiy , Vijay S. Pande