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Machine unlearning is the task of updating machine learning (ML) models after a subset of the training data they were trained on is deleted. Methods for the task are desired to combine effectiveness and efficiency, i.e., they should…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Ananth Mahadevan , Michael Mathioudakis

Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training samples from a trained model without full retraining. While prior work has largely focused on privacy-motivated settings, we recast unlearning as a general-purpose tool…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-11 George R. Nahass , Zhu Wang , Homa Rashidisabet , Won Hwa Kim , Sasha Hubschman , Jeffrey C. Peterson , Chad A. Purnell , Pete Setabutr , Ann Q. Tran , Darvin Yi , Sathya N. Ravi

As the right to be forgotten has been legislated worldwide, many studies attempt to design unlearning mechanisms to protect users' privacy when they want to leave machine learning service platforms. Specifically, machine unlearning is to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Weiqi Wang , Zhiyi Tian , Chenhan Zhang , Shui Yu

As AI models are trained on ever-expanding datasets, the ability to remove the influence of specific data from trained models has become essential for privacy protection and regulatory compliance. Unlearning addresses this challenge by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shizhou Xu , Yuan Ni , Stefan Broecker , Thomas Strohmer

Machine unlearning, a process enabling pre-trained models to remove the influence of specific training samples, has attracted significant attention in recent years. Although extensive research has focused on developing efficient machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Heng Xu , Tianqing Zhu , Dayong Ye , Lefeng Zhang , Le Wang , Wanlei Zhou

The right to erasure requires removal of a user's information from data held by organizations, with rigorous interpretations extending to downstream products such as learned models. Retraining from scratch with the particular user's data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Neil G. Marchant , Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein , Scott Alfeld

The current trend in data regulation requirements and privacy-preserving machine learning has emphasized the importance of machine unlearning. The naive approach to unlearning training data by retraining over the complement of the forget…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Junaid Iqbal Khan

Large language models trained on web-scale data can memorize private or sensitive knowledge, raising significant privacy risks. Although some unlearning methods mitigate these risks, they remain vulnerable to "relearning" during subsequent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Nakyeong Yang , Dong-Kyum Kim , Jea Kwon , Minsung Kim , Kyomin Jung , Meeyoung Cha

As deep learning models are becoming larger and data-hungrier, there are growing ethical, legal and technical concerns over use of data: in practice, agreements on data use may change over time, rendering previously-used training data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Nazanin Mohammadi Sepahvand , Vincent Dumoulin , Eleni Triantafillou , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite

Machine unlearning focuses on efficiently removing specific data from trained models, addressing privacy and compliance concerns with reasonable costs. Although exact unlearning ensures complete data removal equivalent to retraining, it is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Binghui Wang , Jie Fu , Wendy Hui Wang , Weiran Liu , Yuan Hong

Machine unlearning offers a practical alternative to avoid full model re-training by approximately removing the influence of specific user data. While existing methods certify unlearning via statistical indistinguishability from re-trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hsiang Hsu , Pradeep Niroula , Zichang He , Ivan Brugere , Freddy Lecue , Chun-Fu Chen

Good data stewardship requires removal of data at the request of the data's owner. This raises the question if and how a trained machine-learning model, which implicitly stores information about its training data, should be affected by such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Chuan Guo , Tom Goldstein , Awni Hannun , Laurens van der Maaten

Approximate machine unlearning aims to remove the effect of specific data from trained models to ensure individuals' privacy. Existing methods focus on the removed records and assume the retained ones are unaffected. However, recent studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yuechun Gu , Jiajie He , Keke Chen

Noise-based certified machine unlearning currently faces a hard ceiling: the noise magnitude required to certify unlearning typically destroys model utility, particularly for large-scale deletion requests. While leveraging public data is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Ahmed Mehdi Inane , Vincent Quirion , Gintare Karolina Dzugaite , Ioannis Mitliagkas

Machine unlearning aims to erase data from a model as if the latter never saw them during training. While existing approaches unlearn information from complete or partial access to the training data, this access can be limited over time due…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Thomas De Min , Massimiliano Mancini , Stéphane Lathuilière , Subhankar Roy , Elisa Ricci

Regulations introduced by General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the EU or California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the US have included provisions on the \textit{right to be forgotten} that mandates industry applications to remove…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Vinayshekhar Bannihatti Kumar , Rashmi Gangadharaiah , Dan Roth

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been increasingly deployed in a plethora of applications. However, the graph data used for training may contain sensitive personal information of the involved individuals. Once trained, GNNs typically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yushun Dong , Binchi Zhang , Zhenyu Lei , Na Zou , Jundong Li

Users may inadvertently upload personally identifiable information (PII) to Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) providers. When users no longer want their PII on these services, regulations like GDPR and COPPA mandate a right to forget…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Chenhan Zhang , Benjamin Zi Hao Zhao , Hassan Asghar , Dali Kaafar

In recent years, unlearning techniques, which are methods for inducing a model to "forget" previously learned information, have attracted attention as a way to address privacy and copyright concerns in large language models (LLMs) and large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Tatsuki Kawakami , Kazuki Egashira , Atsuyuki Miyai , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Recent data-privacy laws have sparked interest in machine unlearning, which involves removing the effect of specific training samples from a learnt model as if they were never present in the original training dataset. The challenge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Tuan Hoang , Santu Rana , Sunil Gupta , Svetha Venkatesh