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We present the first numerical solutions of the causal, stable relativistic Navier-Stokes equations as formulated by Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha, and Kovtun (BDNK). For this initial investigation we restrict to plane-symmetric configurations…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-07-21 Alex Pandya , Frans Pretorius

The recently proposed first-order viscous relativistic hydrodynamics formulation by Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha, and Kovtun (commonly known as the BDNK formulation) has been shown to be causal, stable, strongly hyperbolic, and thus locally…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-24 Harry L. H. Shum , Fernando Abalos , Yago Bea , Miguel Bezares , Pau Figueras , Carlos Palenzuela

A few years ago, Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha, and Kovtun (BDNK) formulated the first causal, stable, strongly hyperbolic, and locally well-posed theory of first-order viscous relativistic hydrodynamics. Since their inception, there have been…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-11 Lennox S. Keeble , Frans Pretorius

Motivated by the physics of the quark-gluon plasma created in heavy-ion collision experiments, we use holography to study the regime of applicability of various theories of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics. Using the microscopic…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-09-23 Hans Bantilan , Yago Bea , Pau Figueras

We present the first numerical analysis of causal, stable first-order relativistic hydrodynamics with ideal gas microphysics, based in the formalism developed by Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha, and Kovtun (BDNK theory). The BDNK approach…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-03 Alex Pandya , Elias R. Most , Frans Pretorius

Out-of-equilibrium effects may play an important role in the dynamics of neutron star mergers and in heavy-ion collisions. Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha and Kovtun (BDNK) recently derived a causal, locally well-posed, and modally stable…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-05 Abhishek Hegade K R , Justin L. Ripley , Nicolás Yunes

We extend the first order dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics model of Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha- Kovtun (BDNK) in order to include the charge number current in full first order expansion with out-of-equilibrium contribution proportional…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-05 Federico Schianchi , Fernando Abalos

In this work, we explore a Bemfica--Disconzi--Noronha--Kovtun (BDNK)-type formulation of relativistic magnetohydrodynamics, providing a causal and stable first-order description of dissipative fluids. We derive coupled evolution equations…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-05-05 Ankit Kumar Panda , Rajesh Biswas

We present the first conservative finite volume numerical scheme for the causal, stable relativistic Navier-Stokes equations developed by Bemfica, Disconzi, Noronha, and Kovtun (BDNK). BDNK theory has arisen very recently as a promising…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-06-15 Alex Pandya , Elias R. Most , Frans Pretorius

Hydrodynamics can be formulated in terms of a perturbative series in derivatives of the temperature, chemical potential, and flow velocity around an equilibrium state. Different formulations for this series have been proposed over the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-08-24 Gabriel S. Rocha , Gabriel S. Denicol , Jorge Noronha

We provide a systematic framework for solving the initial value problem for relativistic hydrodynamics formulated as a gradient expansion. Secular growth is handled by a suitable covariant resummation scheme, which reorganises the degrees…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-11-12 Michal P. Heller , Alexandre Serantes , Michał Spaliński , Benjamin Withers

Viscous fluids can dissipate and alter the propagation of gravitational waves, as well as modify the relaxation and stability properties of self-gravitating fluids. This is particularly relevant in order to understand the relaxation to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-03 Jaime Redondo-Yuste

We formulate the first-order dissipative anisotropic hydrodynamical theory for a relativistic conformal uncharged fluid, which generalizes the Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun first-order viscous fluid framework. Our approach maintains…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-10-05 Fabio S. Bemfica , Mauricio Martinez , Masoud Shokri

We present a new, first-order, flux-conservative formulation of relativistic viscous hydrodynamics in the BDNK framework, applicable to conformal and nonconformal fluids at zero chemical potential. Focusing on the conformal case in 1+1…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-10-21 Nicolas Clarisse , Eduardo O. Pinho , Teerthal Patel , Fabio S. Bemfica , Mauricio Hippert , Jorge Noronha

We construct, for the first time, a Bemfica-Disconzi-Noronha-Kovtun (BDNK) theory for linear stochastic fluctuations, which is proved to be mathematically consistent, causal, and covariantly stable. The Martin-Siggia-Rose action is shown to…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2024-06-11 Lorenzo Gavassino , Nicki Mullins , Mauricio Hippert

A new constraint suppressing formulation of the Einstein evolution equations is presented, generalizing the five-parameter first-order system due to Kidder, Scheel and Teukolsky (KST). The auxiliary fields, introduced to make the KST system…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Robert Owen

We propose a stable first-order relativistic dissipative hydrodynamic equation in the particle frame (Eckart frame) for the first time. The equation to be proposed was in fact previously derived by the authors and a collaborator from the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Kyosuke Tsumura , Teiji Kunihiro

We show that by requiring positivity of the longitudinal pressure it is possible to constrain the initial conditions one can use in 2nd-order viscous hydrodynamical simulations of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We demonstrate this…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-09-09 Mauricio Martinez , Michael Strickland

We propose a new theory of second-order viscous relativistic hydrodynamics which does not impose any frame conditions on the choice of the hydrodynamic variables. It differs from Mueller-Israel-Stewart theory by including additional…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-07-26 Jorge Noronha , Michał Spaliński , Enrico Speranza

In this manuscript, we study the theory of conformal relativistic viscous hydrodynamics introduced in arXiv:1708.06255, which provided a causal and stable first-order theory of relativistic fluids with viscosity. The local well-posedness of…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-11-07 Fabio S. Bemfica , Marcelo M. Disconzi , Casey Rodriguez , Yuanzhen Shao
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