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Current language understanding approaches focus on small documents, such as newswire articles, blog posts, product reviews and discussion forum entries. Understanding and extracting information from large documents like legal briefs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , Tim Finin

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved from text generators into powerful problem solvers. Yet, many open tasks demand critical thinking, multi-source, and verifiable outputs, which are beyond single-shot prompting or standard…

Retrieving relevant documents from a corpus is typically based on the semantic similarity between the document content and query text. The inclusion of structural relationship between documents can benefit the retrieval mechanism by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Natraj Raman , Sameena Shah , Manuela Veloso

Long-form answers, consisting of multiple sentences, can provide nuanced and comprehensive answers to a broader set of questions. To better understand this complex and understudied task, we study the functional structure of long-form…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Fangyuan Xu , Junyi Jessy Li , Eunsol Choi

The rapid increase in unstructured data across various fields has made multi-document comprehension and summarization a critical task. Traditional approaches often fail to capture relevant context, maintain logical consistency, and extract…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Aditi Godbole , Jabin Geevarghese George , Smita Shandilya

The effectiveness of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is highly dependent on how documents are chunked, that is, segmented into smaller units for indexing and retrieval. Yet, commonly used "one-size-fits-all" approaches often fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Paulo Roberto de Moura Júnior , Jean Lelong , Annabelle Blangero

Legal documents have complex document layouts involving multiple nested sections, lengthy footnotes and further use specialized linguistic devices like intricate syntax and domain-specific vocabulary to ensure precision and authority. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Anagha Kulkarni , Parin Rajesh Jhaveri , Prasha Shrestha , Yu Tong Han , Reza Amini , Behrouz Madahian

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances the response capabilities of language models by integrating external knowledge sources. However, document chunking as an important part of RAG system often lacks effective evaluation tools. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Wensheng Lu , Keyu Chen , Ruizhi Qiao , Xing Sun

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multimodal understanding capabilities in Visual Question Answering (VQA) tasks by integrating visual and textual features. However, under the challenging ten-choice…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Ao Zhou , Zebo Gu , Tenghao Sun , Jiawen Chen , Mingsheng Tu , Zifeng Cheng , Yafeng Yin , Zhiwei Jiang , Qing Gu

Transformers have a quadratic scaling of computational complexity with input size, which limits the input context window size of large language models (LLMs) in both training and inference. Meanwhile, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Yimin Tang , Yurong Xu , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

We study a new problem setting of question answering (QA), referred to as DocTabQA. Within this setting, given a long document, the goal is to respond to questions by organizing the answers into structured tables derived directly from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Haochen Wang , Kai Hu , Haoyu Dong , Liangcai Gao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) based on Large Language Models (LLMs) is a powerful solution to understand and query the industry's closed-source documents. However, basic RAG often struggles with complex QA tasks in legal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Huifeng Lin , Gang Su , Jintao Liang , You Wu , Rui Zhao , Ziyue Li

HTML documents are an important medium for disseminating information on the Web for human consumption. An HTML document presents information in multiple text formats including unstructured text, structured key-value pairs, and tables.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Xiang Deng , Prashant Shiralkar , Colin Lockard , Binxuan Huang , Huan Sun

Document parsing (DP) transforms unstructured or semi-structured documents into structured, machine-readable representations, enabling downstream applications such as knowledge base construction and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG).…

Traditional sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) models and other variations of the attention-mechanism such as hierarchical attention have been applied to the text summarization problem. Though there is a hierarchy in the way humans use language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Rajeev Bhatt Ambati , Saptarashmi Bandyopadhyay , Prasenjit Mitra

Large Language Models (LLMs), constrained by limited context windows, often face significant performance degradation when reasoning over long contexts. To address this, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) retrieves and reasons over chunks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jiani Guo , Zuchao Li , Jie Wu , Qianren Wang , Yun Li , Lefei Zhang , Hai Zhao , Yujiu Yang

Long document classification presents challenges in capturing both local and global dependencies due to their extensive content and complex structure. Existing methods often struggle with token limits and fail to adequately model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Sudipta Singha Roy , Xindi Wang , Robert E. Mercer , Frank Rudzicz

How retrieved documents are used in language models (LMs) for long-form generation task is understudied. We present two controlled studies on retrieval-augmented LM for long-form question answering (LFQA): one fixing the LM and varying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hung-Ting Chen , Fangyuan Xu , Shane Arora , Eunsol Choi

Search engines rely heavily on term-based approaches that represent queries and documents as bags of words. Text---a document or a query---is represented by a bag of its words that ignores grammar and word order, but retains word frequency…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-11-17 Christophe Van Gysel

Most organizational data in this world are stored as documents, and visual retrieval plays a crucial role in unlocking the collective intelligence from all these documents. However, existing benchmarks focus on English-only document…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jian Chen , Ming Li , Jihyung Kil , Chenguang Wang , Tong Yu , Ryan Rossi , Tianyi Zhou , Changyou Chen , Ruiyi Zhang