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With the introduction of the variational autoencoder (VAE), probabilistic latent variable models have received renewed attention as powerful generative models. However, their performance in terms of test likelihood and quality of generated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-13 Lars Maaløe , Marco Fraccaro , Valentin Liévin , Ole Winther

Normalizing flows, autoregressive models, variational autoencoders (VAEs), and deep energy-based models are among competing likelihood-based frameworks for deep generative learning. Among them, VAEs have the advantage of fast and tractable…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-01-11 Arash Vahdat , Jan Kautz

Promptly discovering unknown network attacks is critical for reducing the risk of major loss imposed on system or equipment. This paper aims to develop an open-set intrusion detection model to classify known attacks as well as inferring…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Zhiyin Qiu , Ding Zhou , Yahui Zhai , Bo Liu , Lei He , Jiuxin Cao

Supervised machine learning techniques rely on labeled data to achieve high task performance, but this requires the labels to capture some meaningful differences in the underlying data structure. For training network intrusion detection…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Meghan Wilkinson , Robert H Thomson

In this study, a deep learning based conditional density estimation technique known as conditional variational auto-encoder (CVAE) is used to fill gaps typically observed in particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements in combustion…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2023-12-12 Shashank Yellapantula

Escalating cyber threats and the high-dimensional complexity of IoT traffic have outpaced classical anomaly detection methods. While deep learning offers improvements, computational bottlenecks limit real-time deployment at scale. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Swathi Chandrasekhar , Shiva Raj Pokhrel , Swati Kumari , Navneet Singh

We present a new generative autoencoder model with dual contradistinctive losses to improve generative autoencoder that performs simultaneous inference (reconstruction) and synthesis (sampling). Our model, named dual contradistinctive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-23 Gaurav Parmar , Dacheng Li , Kwonjoon Lee , Zhuowen Tu

Although the Conditional Variational AutoEncoder (CVAE) model can generate more diversified responses than the traditional Seq2Seq model, the responses often have low relevance with the input words or are illogical with the question. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Jiayi Liu , Wei Wei , Zhixuan Chu , Xing Gao , Ji Zhang , Tan Yan , Yulin Kang

Accurate link-level bicycle volume estimation is essential for informed urban and transport planning but it is challenged by extremely sparse count data in urban bicycling networks worldwide. We propose BikeVAE-GNN, a novel dual-task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Mohit Gupta , Debjit Bhowmick , Ben Beck

Intrusion detection is vital for securing computer networks against malicious activities. Traditional methods struggle to detect complex patterns and anomalies in network traffic effectively. To address this issue, we propose a system…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Samia Saidane , Francesco Telch , Kussai Shahin , Fabrizio Granelli

Encrypted network traffic poses significant challenges for intrusion detection due to the lack of payload visibility, limited labeled datasets, and high class imbalance between benign and malicious activities. Traditional data augmentation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Saravanan A , Aswani Kumar Cherukuri

Variational Autoencoder (VAE) is widely used as a generative model to approximate a model's posterior on latent variables by combining the amortized variational inference and deep neural networks. However, when paired with strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-02 Qile Zhu , Jianlin Su , Wei Bi , Xiaojiang Liu , Xiyao Ma , Xiaolin Li , Dapeng Wu

This paper looks into the problem of detecting network anomalies by analyzing NetFlow records. While many previous works have used statistical models and machine learning techniques in a supervised way, such solutions have the limitations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-18 Quoc Phong Nguyen , Kar Wai Lim , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Kian Hsiang Low , Mun Choon Chan

One of the most important tasks in network management is identifying different types of traffic flows. As a result, a type of management service, called Network Traffic Classifier (NTC), has been introduced. One type of NTCs that has gained…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Ramin Hasibi , Matin Shokri , Mehdi Dehghan

The network security analyzers use intrusion detection systems (IDSes) to distinguish malicious traffic from benign ones. The deep learning-based IDSes are proposed to auto-extract high-level features and eliminate the time-consuming and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Mahdi Soltani , Khashayar Khajavi , Mahdi Jafari Siavoshani , Amir Hossein Jahangir

As the number of heterogenous IP-connected devices and traffic volume increase, so does the potential for security breaches. The undetected exploitation of these breaches can bring severe cybersecurity and privacy risks. Anomaly-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Willian T. Lunardi , Martin Andreoni Lopez , Jean-Pierre Giacalone

IPv6 scanning has always been a challenge for researchers in the field of network measurement. Due to the considerable IPv6 address space, while recent network speed and computational power have been improved, using a brute-force approach…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Tianyu Cui , Gaopeng Gou , Gang Xiong

The rising use of machine learning in various fields requires robust methods to create synthetic tabular data. Data should preserve key characteristics while addressing data scarcity challenges. Current approaches based on Generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Patricia A. Apellániz , Juan Parras , Santiago Zazo

As Operational Technology increasingly integrates with Information Technology, the need for Intrusion Detection Systems becomes more important. This paper explores an unsupervised approach to anomaly detection in network traffic using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dylan Baptiste , Ramla Saddem , Alexandre Philippot , François Foyer

Prediction of future states of the environment and interacting agents is a key competence required for autonomous agents to operate successfully in the real world. Prior work for structured sequence prediction based on latent variable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-19 Apratim Bhattacharyya , Michael Hanselmann , Mario Fritz , Bernt Schiele , Christoph-Nikolas Straehle