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Pathology foundation models (PFMs) have demonstrated strong representational capabilities through self-supervised pre-training on large-scale, unannotated histopathology image datasets. However, their diverse yet opaque pretraining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yuxiang Xiao , Yang Hu , Bin Li , Tianyang Zhang , Zexi Li , Huazhu Fu , Jens Rittscher , Kaixiang Yang

Whole slide images (WSIs) are the gold standard for pathological diagnosis and sub-typing. Current main-stream two-step frameworks employ offline feature encoders trained without domain-specific knowledge. Among them, attention-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Mingrui Ma , Chentao Li , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Bag-based Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) approaches have emerged as the mainstream methodology for Whole Slide Image (WSI) classification. However, most existing methods adopt a segmented training strategy, which first extracts features…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jiangping Wen , Jinyu Wen , Meie Fang

As natural image understanding moves towards the pretrain-finetune era, research in pathology imaging is concurrently evolving. Despite the predominant focus on pretraining pathological foundation models, how to adapt foundation models to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jiaxuan Lu , Fang Yan , Xiaofan Zhang , Yue Gao , Shaoting Zhang

Foundation models (FMs) have demonstrated strong performance across diverse pathology tasks. While there are similarities in the pre-training objectives of FMs, there is still limited understanding of their complementarity, redundancy in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Brennan Flannery , Thomas DeSilvio , Jane Nguyen , Satish E. Viswanath

Histology analysis of the tumor micro-environment integrated with genomic assays is the gold standard for most cancers in modern medicine. This paper proposes a Gene-induced Multimodal Pre-training (GiMP) framework, which jointly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Ting Jin , Xingran Xie , Renjie Wan , Qingli Li , Yan Wang

Current cervical cytopathology whole slide image (WSI) screening primarily relies on detection-based approaches, which are limited in performance due to the expense and time-consuming annotation process. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL), a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-17 Jialong Huang , Gaojie Li , Shichao Kan , Jianfeng Liu , Yixiong Liang

Foundation models are reshaping computational pathology by enabling transfer learning, where models pre-trained on vast datasets can be adapted for downstream diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic response tasks. Despite these advances,…

This paper introduces MAD-MIL, a Multi-head Attention-based Deep Multiple Instance Learning model, designed for weakly supervised Whole Slide Images (WSIs) classification in digital pathology. Inspired by the multi-head attention mechanism…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Josien Pluim , Mitko Veta

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a promising approach for weakly supervised classification in pathology using whole slide images (WSIs). However, conventional MIL methods such as Attention-Based Deep Multiple Instance Learning (ABMIL)…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-28 Hassan Keshvarikhojasteh , Mihail Tifrea , Sibylle Hess , Josien P. W. Pluim , Mitko Veta

Histopathology whole slide images (WSIs) play a very important role in clinical studies and serve as the gold standard for many cancer diagnoses. However, generating automatic tools for processing WSIs is challenging due to their enormous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Jingwei Zhang , Xin Zhang , Ke Ma , Rajarsi Gupta , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Current multi-instance learning algorithms for pathology image analysis often require a substantial number of Whole Slide Images for effective training but exhibit suboptimal performance in scenarios with limited learning data. In clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Linhao Qu , Dingkang Yang , Dan Huang , Qinhao Guo , Rongkui Luo , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaosong Wang

In recent years, the integration of pre-trained foundational models with multiple instance learning (MIL) has improved diagnostic accuracy in computational pathology. However, existing MIL methods focus on optimizing feature extractors and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Le Feng , Li Xiao

To handle the large scale of whole slide images in computational pathology, most approaches first tessellate the images into smaller patches, extract features from these patches, and finally aggregate the feature vectors with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Benedikt Roth , Valentin Koch , Sophia J. Wagner , Julia A. Schnabel , Carsten Marr , Tingying Peng

In histopathology, intelligent diagnosis of Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is essential for automating and objectifying diagnoses, reducing the workload of pathologists. However, diagnostic models often face the challenge of forgetting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Weixi Zheng , Aoling Huang , Jingping Yuan , Haoyu Zhao , Zhou Zhao , Yongchao Xu , Thierry Géraud

While Large Language Models (LLMs) are emerging as a promising direction in computational pathology, the substantial computational cost of giga-pixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) necessitates the use of Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) to enable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhenfeng Zhuang , Fangyu Zhou , Liansheng Wang

Digitizing pathological images into gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) has opened new avenues for Computational Pathology (CPath). As positive tissue comprises only a small fraction of gigapixel WSIs, existing Multiple Instance Learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Wenhao Tang , Sheng Huang , Heng Fang , Fengtao Zhou , Bo Liu , Qingshan Liu

Multimodal evidence is critical in computational pathology: gigapixel whole slide images capture tumor morphology, while patient-level clinical descriptors preserve complementary context for prognosis. Integrating such heterogeneous signals…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Chengying She , Chengwei Chen , Xinran Zhang , Ben Wang , Lizhuang Liu , Chengwei Shao , Yun Bian

Driven by the recent advances in deep learning methods and, in particular, by the development of modern self-supervised learning algorithms, increased interest and efforts have been devoted to build foundation models (FMs) for medical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 kaiko. ai , Nanne Aben , Edwin D. de Jong , Ioannis Gatopoulos , Nicolas Känzig , Mikhail Karasikov , Axel Lagré , Roman Moser , Joost van Doorn , Fei Tang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology, achieving strong diagnostic performance through patch-level feature aggregation. However, existing MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yiran Song , Yikai Zhang , Shuang Zhou , Guojun Xiong , Xiaofeng Yang , Nian Wang , Fenglong Ma , Rui Zhang , Mingquan Lin