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Planning has been part of the core pursuit for artificial intelligence since its conception, but earlier AI agents mostly focused on constrained settings because many of the cognitive substrates necessary for human-level planning have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Jian Xie , Kai Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Tinghui Zhu , Renze Lou , Yuandong Tian , Yanghua Xiao , Yu Su

Travel planning is a natural real-world task to test large language models' (LLMs) planning and tool-use abilities. Although prior work has studied LLM performance on travel planning, existing settings still differ from real-world needs,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Xiang Cheng , Yulan Hu , Xiangwen Zhang , Lu Xu , Lide Tan , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu

Travel planning is a realistic task for evaluating the planning and tool-use abilities of LLM agents. However, existing benchmarks typically assume only a single user, thereby avoiding one of the most challenging aspects of real-world…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiang Cheng , Yulan Hu , Lulu Zheng , Zheng Pan , Xin Li , Yong Liu

Generating plans of action, and reasoning about change have long been considered a core competence of intelligent agents. It is thus no surprise that evaluating the planning and reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Karthik Valmeekam , Matthew Marquez , Alberto Olmo , Sarath Sreedharan , Subbarao Kambhampati

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to directly generate correct plans for complex multi-constraint planning problems, even with self-verification and self-critique. For example, a U.S. domestic travel planning benchmark TravelPlanner was…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Yilun Hao , Yongchao Chen , Yang Zhang , Chuchu Fan

As the applicability of Large Language Models (LLMs) extends beyond traditional text processing tasks, there is a burgeoning interest in their potential to excel in planning and reasoning assignments, realms traditionally reserved for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Atharva Gundawar , Mudit Verma , Lin Guan , Karthik Valmeekam , Siddhant Bhambri , Subbarao Kambhampati

Large language models (LLMs) have brought autonomous agents closer to artificial general intelligence (AGI) due to their promising generalization and emergent capabilities. There is, however, a lack of studies on how LLM-based agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Yanan Chen , Ali Pesaranghader , Tanmana Sadhu , Dong Hoon Yi

We introduce NATURAL PLAN, a realistic planning benchmark in natural language containing 3 key tasks: Trip Planning, Meeting Planning, and Calendar Scheduling. We focus our evaluation on the planning capabilities of LLMs with full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Huaixiu Steven Zheng , Swaroop Mishra , Hugh Zhang , Xinyun Chen , Minmin Chen , Azade Nova , Le Hou , Heng-Tze Cheng , Quoc V. Le , Ed H. Chi , Denny Zhou

Current evaluations of Large Language Model (LLM) agents primarily emphasize task completion, often overlooking resource efficiency and adaptability. This neglects a crucial capability: agents' ability to devise and adjust cost-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Jiayu Liu , Cheng Qian , Zhaochen Su , Qing Zong , Shijue Huang , Bingxiang He , Yi R. Fung

Owing to their reasoning capabilities, large language models (LLMs) have been evaluated on planning tasks described in natural language. However, LLMs have largely been tested on planning domains without constraints. In order to deploy them…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Periklis Mantenoglou , Rishi Hazra , Pedro Zuidberg Dos Martires , Luc De Raedt

The continuous evolution and enhanced reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have elevated their role in complex tasks, notably in travel planning, where demand for personalized, high-quality itineraries is rising. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yuanzhe Shen , Kaimin Wang , Changze Lv , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Recent efforts like TripCraft and TravelPlanner have advanced the use of Large Language Models ( LLMs) for personalized, constraint aware travel itinerary generation. Yet, real travel often faces disruptions. To address this, we present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Priyanshu Karmakar , Soumyabrata Chaudhuri , Shubhojit Mallick , Manish Gupta , Abhik Jana , Shreya Ghosh

Travel planning is a complex task that involves generating a sequence of actions related to visiting places subject to constraints and maximizing some user satisfaction criteria. Traditional approaches rely on problem formulation in a given…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Tomas de la Rosa , Sriram Gopalakrishnan , Alberto Pozanco , Zhen Zeng , Daniel Borrajo

Route-planning agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for supporting everyday human mobility through natural language interaction and tool-mediated decision making. However, systematic evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Zhiheng Song , Jingshuai Zhang , Chuan Qin , Chao Wang , Chao Chen , Longfei Xu , Kaikui Liu , Xiangxiang Chu , Hengshu Zhu

Planning is central to agents and agentic AI. The ability to plan, e.g., creating travel itineraries within a budget, holds immense potential in both scientific and commercial contexts. Moreover, optimal plans tend to require fewer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Haoming Li , Zhaoliang Chen , Jonathan Zhang , Fei Liu

Recent studies have highlighted their proficiency in some simple tasks like writing and coding through various reasoning strategies. However, LLM agents still struggle with tasks that require comprehensive planning, a process that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Chengxing Xie , Difan Zou

Travel planning is a valuable yet complex task that poses significant challenges even for advanced large language models (LLMs). While recent benchmarks have advanced in evaluating LLMs' planning capabilities, they often fall short in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Yincen Qu , Huan Xiao , Feng Li , Gregory Li , Hui Zhou , Xiangying Dai , Xiaoru Dai

Large language models (LLMs) with advanced cognitive capabilities are emerging as agents for various reasoning and planning tasks. Traditional evaluations often focus on specific reasoning or planning questions within controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tianlong Wang , Pinqiao Wang , Weili Shi , Sheng li

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success across a wide spectrum of tasks; however, they still face limitations in scenarios that demand long-term planning and spatial reasoning. To facilitate this line of research, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Mohamed Aghzal , Erion Plaku , Ziyu Yao

While agent evaluation has shifted toward long-horizon tasks, most benchmarks still emphasize local, step-level reasoning rather than the global constrained optimization (e.g., time and financial budgets) that demands genuine planning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yinger Zhang , Shutong Jiang , Renhao Li , Jianhong Tu , Yang Su , Lianghao Deng , Xudong Guo , Chenxu Lv , Junyang Lin
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