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Preparing ground states and thermal states is essential for simulating quantum systems on quantum computers. Despite the hope for practical quantum advantage in quantum simulation, popular state preparation approaches have been challenged.…

A quantum system coupled to a bath at some fixed, finite temperature converges to its Gibbs state. This thermalization process defines a natural, physically-motivated model of quantum computation. However, whether quantum computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-15 Thiago Bergamaschi , Chi-Fang Chen , Yunchao Liu

Nature is governed by precise physical laws, which can inspire the discovery of new computer-run simulation algorithms. Thermal states are the most ubiquitous for they are the equilibrium states of matter. Simulating thermal states of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-13 Oles Shtanko , Ramis Movassagh

We present quantum algorithms for solving two problems regarding stochastic processes. The first algorithm prepares the thermal Gibbs state of a quantum system and runs in time almost linear in $\sqrt{N \beta/{\cal Z}}$ and polynomial in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-11 Anirban Narayan Chowdhury , Rolando D. Somma

Quantum simulation is one of the most promising scientific applications of quantum computers. Due to decoherence and noise in current devices, it is however challenging to perform digital quantum simulation in a regime that is intractable…

It is of great interest to understand the thermalization of open quantum many-body systems, and how quantum computers are able to efficiently simulate that process. A recently introduced disispative evolution, inspired by existing models of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Cambyse Rouzé , Daniel Stilck França , Álvaro M. Alhambra

Preparing the thermal density matrix $\rho_{\beta} \propto e^{-\beta H}$ corresponding to a given Hamiltonian $H$ is a task of central interest across quantum many-body physics, and is particularly salient when attempting to study it with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Dominik Hahn , S. A. Parameswaran , Benedikt Placke

Systems in thermal equilibrium at non-zero temperature are described by their Gibbs state. For classical many-body systems, the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm gives a Markov process with a local update rule that samples from the Gibbs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 Daniel Zhang , Jan Lukas Bosse , Toby Cubitt

The preparation of thermal states of matter is a crucial task in quantum simulation. In this work, we prove that a recently introduced, efficiently implementable dissipative evolution thermalizes to the Gibbs state in time scaling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Cambyse Rouzé , Daniel Stilck França , Álvaro M. Alhambra

Preparation of Gibbs distributions is an important task for quantum computation. It is a necessary first step in some types of quantum simulations and further is essential for quantum algorithms such as quantum Boltzmann training. Despite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-02-04 Anirban N. Chowdhury , Guang Hao Low , Nathan Wiebe

We address the question of how a quantum computer can be used to simulate experiments on quantum systems in thermal equilibrium. We present two approaches for the preparation of the equilibrium state on a quantum computer. For both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Barbara M. Terhal , David P. DiVincenzo

We present a holographic quantum simulation algorithm to variationally prepare thermal states of $d$-dimensional interacting quantum many-body systems, using only enough hardware qubits to represent a ($d$-1)-dimensional cross-section. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-17 Yuxuan Zhang , Shahin Jahanbani , Daoheng Niu , Reza Haghshenas , Andrew C. Potter

The development of novel quantum many-body computational algorithms relies on robust benchmarking. However, generating such benchmarks is often hindered by the massive computational resources required for exact diagonalization or quantum…

Strongly Correlated Electrons · Physics 2025-12-29 Wei-Bo He , Yun-Tong Yang , Hong-Gang Luo

We study an open quantum system simulation on quantum hardware, which demonstrates robustness to hardware errors even with deep circuits containing up to two thousand entangling gates. We simulate two systems of electrons coupled to an…

While recent advances have established efficient quantum algorithms for preparing Gibbs states of finite-dimensional systems, comparable complexity results for bosonic and other infinite-dimensional models remain unexplored. We introduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Simon Becker , Cambyse Rouzé , Robert Salzmann

Understanding the impact of gate errors on quantum circuits is crucial to determining the potential applications of quantum computers, especially in the absence of large-scale error-corrected hardware. We put forward analytical arguments,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Eli Chertkov , Yi-Hsiang Chen , Michael Lubasch , David Hayes , Michael Foss-Feig

We present an algorithm that prepares thermal Gibbs states of one dimensional quantum systems on a quantum computer without any memory overhead, and in a time significantly shorter than other known alternatives. Specifically, the time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-10-29 Ersen Bilgin , Sergio Boixo

Modeling the dynamics of a quantum system connected to the environment is critical for advancing our understanding of complex quantum processes, as most quantum processes in nature are affected by an environment. Modeling a macroscopic…

Preparation of quantum thermal states of many-body systems is a key computational challenge for quantum processors, with applications in physics, chemistry, and classical optimization. We provide a simple and efficient algorithm for thermal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Jerome Lloyd , Dmitry A. Abanin

Simulating thermal-equilibrium properties at finite temperature is crucial for studying quantum many-body systems. Quantum computers are expected to enable us to simulate large systems at finite temperatures, overcoming challenges faced by…

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