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Continuous chain-of-thought has been shown to be effective in saving reasoning tokens for large language models. By reasoning with continuous latent thought tokens, continuous CoT is able to perform implicit reasoning in a compact manner.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Haoyi Wu , Zhihao Teng , Kewei Tu

Implicit Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reduces the inference cost of large language models by internalizing the explicit rationales. However, existing approaches typically lack alignment with explicit rationales and adaptivity to example…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yukyung Lee , Yumeng Shen , Jinhyeong Park , Hyein Yang , Jun-Hyung Park

Recent advances in large reasoning language models (LRLMs) rely on test-time scaling, which extends long chain-of-thought (CoT) generation to solve complex tasks. However, overthinking in long CoT not only slows down the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Chenxu Yang , Qingyi Si , Yongjie Duan , Zheliang Zhu , Chenyu Zhu , Qiaowei Li , Minghui Chen , Zheng Lin , Weiping Wang

Few-shot Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has demonstrated strong performance in improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While theoretical investigations have been conducted to understand CoT, the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Yingqian Cui , Pengfei He , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Chen Luo , Jiliang Tang , Yue Xing

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in tasks requiring reasoning and multi-step problem-solving through the use of chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting. However, generating the full CoT process results in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-16 Tianqiao Liu , Zui Chen , Zitao Liu , Mi Tian , Weiqi Luo

While Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning improves model performance, it incurs significant time costs due to the generation of discrete CoT tokens (DCoT). Continuous CoT (CCoT) offers a more efficient alternative, but existing CCoT methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Jianwei Wang , Ziming Wu , Fuming Lai , Shaobing Lian , Ziqian Zeng

Research on LLM technologies is rapidly emerging, with most of them employ a 'fast thinking' approach to inference. Most LLMs generate the final result based solely on a single query and LLM's reasoning capabilities. However, with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jianfeng Pan , Senyou Deng , Shaomang Huang

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning enables large language models (LLMs) to move beyond fast System-1 responses and engage in deliberative System-2 reasoning. However, this comes at the cost of significant inefficiency due to verbose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Xiaoqiang Wang , Suyuchen Wang , Yun Zhu , Bang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to improve accuracy on complex tasks. However, always generating lengthy reasoning traces is inefficient, leading to excessive token usage and higher…

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has emerged as a powerful approach to enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing implementations, such as in-context learning and fine-tuning, remain costly and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Li Li , Ziyi Wang , Yongliang Wu , Jianfei Cai , Xu Yang

Chain of Thought (CoT) prompting improves the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs) by encouraging step by step thinking. However, CoT-based methods depend on intermediate reasoning steps, which limits scalability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Guanghao Li , Wenhao Jiang , Mingfeng Chen , Yan Li , Hao Yu , Shuting Dong , Tao Ren , Ming Tang , Chun Yuan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emergent capabilities across diverse reasoning tasks via popular Chains-of-Thought (COT) prompting. However, such a simple and fast COT approach often encounters limitations in dealing with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiabao Pan , Yan Zhang , Chen Zhang , Zuozhu Liu , Hongwei Wang , Haizhou Li

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by prompting intermediate steps, improving accuracy and robustness in arithmetic, logic, and commonsense tasks. However, this benefit comes with high computational…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Kerui Huang , Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Tongtong Xu , Lingfeng Bao , Xin Xia

Emerging reasoning LLMs such as OpenAI-o1 and DeepSeek-R1 have achieved strong performance on complex reasoning tasks by generating long chain-of-thought (CoT) traces. However, these long CoTs result in increased token usage, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yuxiang Zhang , Zhengxu Yu , Weihang Pan , Zhongming Jin , Qiang Fu , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

The table reasoning task, crucial for efficient data acquisition, aims to answer questions based on the given table. Recently, reasoning large language models (RLLMs) with Long Chain-of-Thought (Long CoT) significantly enhance reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Xuanliang Zhang , Dingzirui Wang , Keyan Xu , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing language model's reasoning capabilities. However, generating long and correct CoT trajectories is challenging. Recent studies have demonstrated that Looped…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Qifan Yu , Zhenyu He , Sijie Li , Xun Zhou , Jun Zhang , Jingjing Xu , Di He

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning improves large language model performance on complex tasks, but often produces excessively long and inefficient reasoning traces. Existing methods shorten CoTs using length penalties or global entropy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Xuan Xiong , Huan Liu , Li Gu , Zhixiang Chi , Yue Qiu , Yuanhao Yu , Yang Wang

Many natural language processing tasks benefit from long inputs, but processing long documents with Transformers is expensive -- not only due to quadratic attention complexity but also from applying feedforward and projection layers to…

Large reasoning models (LRMs) increasingly rely on step-by-step Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to improve task performance, particularly in high-resource languages such as English. While recent work has examined final-answer accuracy in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Raoyuan Zhao , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze , Michael A. Hedderich

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable abilities across various tasks, with Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting emerging as a key technique to enhance reasoning capabilities. However, existing research primarily focuses on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Lijie Hu , Liang Liu , Shu Yang , Xin Chen , Zhen Tan , Muhammad Asif Ali , Mengdi Li , Di Wang