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Integrating free-text explanations to in-context learning of large language models (LLM) is shown to elicit strong reasoning capabilities along with reasonable explanations. In this paper, we consider the problem of leveraging the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Shiyang Li , Jianshu Chen , Yelong Shen , Zhiyu Chen , Xinlu Zhang , Zekun Li , Hong Wang , Jing Qian , Baolin Peng , Yi Mao , Wenhu Chen , Xifeng Yan

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach for eliciting reasoning chains before generating final answers. However, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) generate reasoning that lacks integration of visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Omar Sharif , Eftekhar Hossain , Patrick Ng

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have been driven by their emergent reasoning capabilities, particularly through long chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, which enables thorough exploration and deliberation. Despite these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Junnan Liu , Hongwei Liu , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

While advancements in the reasoning abilities of LLMs have significantly enhanced their performance in solving mathematical problems, coding tasks, and general puzzles, their effectiveness in accurately adhering to instructions remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Chenyang Wang , Liang Wen , Shousheng Jia , Xiangzheng Zhang , Liang Xu

The capacity of large language models (LLMs) to generate honest, harmless, and helpful responses heavily relies on the quality of user prompts. However, these prompts often tend to be brief and vague, thereby significantly limiting the full…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Xiaohua Wang , Zisu Huang , Feiran Zhang , Zhibo Xu , Cenyuan Zhang , Qi Qian , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is often credited with improving language model reasoning and generalization at the expense of degrading memorized knowledge. We challenge this narrative by observing that RL-enhanced models consistently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Renfei Zhang , Manasa Kaniselvan , Niloofar Mireshghallah

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed software development by enabling code generation, automated debugging, and complex reasoning. However, their continued advancement is constrained by the scarcity of high-quality, publicly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Wasi Uddin Ahmad , Aleksander Ficek , Mehrzad Samadi , Jocelyn Huang , Vahid Noroozi , Somshubra Majumdar , Boris Ginsburg

Recently, substantial advancements have been made in training language models to carry out step-by-step reasoning for solving intricate numerical reasoning tasks. Beyond the methods used to solve these problems, the structure and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yu Zhang , Shujun Peng , Nengwu Wu , Xinhan Lin , Yang Hu , Jie Tang

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering, the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning paradigm has become an essential approach for automated code repair. However, the explicit multi-step reasoning in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junwei Hu , Weicheng Zheng , Yihan Liu , Yan Liu

Program repair techniques offer cost-saving benefits for debugging within software development and programming education scenarios. With the proven effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in code-related tasks, researchers have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Boyang Yang , Haoye Tian , Weiguo Pian , Haoran Yu , Haitao Wang , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé F. Bissyandé , Shunfu Jin

Context. Code refactoring improves software quality without changing external behavior. Despite its advantages, its benefits are hindered by the considerable cost of time, resources, and continuous effort it demands. Aim. Understanding why…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Mikel Robredo , Matteo Esposito , Fabio Palomba , Rafael Peñaloza , Valentina Lenarduzzi

The alignments of reasoning abilities between smaller and larger Language Models are largely conducted via Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) using demonstrations generated from robust Large Language Models (LLMs). Although these approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Leonardo Ranaldi , Andrè Freitas

Reinforcement learning substantially improves reasoning in large language models, but it also tends to lengthen chain of thought outputs and increase computational cost during both training and inference. Though length control methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Daisuke Nohara , Taishi Nakamura , Rio Yokota

Large Language Models (LLMs) that can continually improve beyond their training budgets are able to solve increasingly difficult problems by adapting at test time, a property we refer to as extrapolation. However, standard reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Ian Wu , Yuxiao Qu , Amrith Setlur , Aviral Kumar

We introduce Open-Reasoner-Zero, the first open source implementation of large-scale reasoning-oriented RL training on the base model focusing on scalability, simplicity and accessibility. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jingcheng Hu , Yinmin Zhang , Qi Han , Daxin Jiang , Xiangyu Zhang , Heung-Yeung Shum

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant challenges in detecting and repairing vulnerable code, particularly when dealing with vulnerabilities involving multiple aspects, such as variables, code flows, and code structures. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Arshiya Khan , Guannan Liu , Xing Gao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach to improve large language model (LLM) reasoning, yet most open efforts focus narrowly on math and code, limiting our understanding of its broader applicability to general…

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce code with subtle implementation-level bugs despite strong benchmark performance. These errors are hard for LLMs to spot and can have large behavioural effects; yet when asked to summarise code,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Lukas Twist

Large Language Models (LLMs) are distinguished by their architecture, which dictates their parameter size and performance capabilities. Social scientists have increasingly adopted LLMs for text classification tasks, which are difficult to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Marcello Carammia , Stefano Maria Iacus , Giuseppe Porro

Reverse engineering (RE) of x86 binaries is indispensable for malware and firmware analysis, but remains slow due to stripped metadata and adversarial obfuscation. Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential for improving RE efficiency…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Darrin Lea , James Ghawaly , Golden Richard , Aisha Ali-Gombe , Andrew Case