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Hate speech in social media is a growing phenomenon, and detecting such toxic content has recently gained significant traction in the research community. Existing studies have explored fine-tuning language models (LMs) to perform hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Md Rabiul Awal , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Eshaan Tanwar , Tanmay Garg , Tanmoy Chakraborty

With the continuous growth of internet users and media content, it is very hard to track down hateful speech in audio and video. Converting video or audio into text does not detect hate speech accurately as human sometimes uses hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Fariha Tahosin Boishakhi , Ponkoj Chandra Shill , Md. Golam Rabiul Alam

Hate speech detection is commonly framed as a direct binary classification problem despite being a composite concept defined through multiple interacting factors that vary across legal frameworks, platform policies, and annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Adrián Girón , Pablo Miralles , Javier Huertas-Tato , Sergio D'Antonio , David Camacho

Current research on hate speech analysis is typically oriented towards monolingual and single classification tasks. In this paper, we present a new multilingual hate speech analysis dataset for English, Hindi, Arabic, French, German and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Ankit Yadav , Shubham Chandel , Sushant Chatufale , Anil Bandhakavi

The rapid growth in user generated content on social media has resulted in a significant rise in demand for automated content moderation. Various methods and frameworks have been proposed for the tasks of hate speech detection and toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Elizaveta Korotkova , Isaac Chung

Hate speech remains prevalent in human society and continues to evolve in its forms and expressions. Modern advancements in internet and online anonymity accelerate its rapid spread and complicate its detection. However, hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yejin Lee , Hyeseon Ahn , Yo-Sub Han

Sarcasm Detection has enjoyed great interest from the research community, however the task of predicting sarcasm in a text remains an elusive problem for machines. Past studies mostly make use of twitter datasets collected using hashtag…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Rishabh Misra , Prahal Arora

Supervised approaches generally rely on majority-based labels. However, it is hard to achieve high agreement among annotators in subjective tasks such as hate speech detection. Existing neural network models principally regard labels as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-11 Wenjie Yin , Vibhor Agarwal , Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga , Nishanth Sastry

Human annotated data is the cornerstone of today's artificial intelligence efforts, yet data labeling processes can be complicated and expensive, especially when human labelers disagree with each other. The current work practice is to use…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Yisi Sang , Jeffrey Stanton

The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

Hate, derogatory, and offensive speech remains a persistent challenge in online platforms and public discourse. While automated detection systems are widely used, most focus on censorship or removal, raising concerns for transparency and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jason Liartis , Eirini Kaldeli , Lambrini Gyftokosta , Eleftherios Chelioudakis , Orfeas Menis Mastromichalakis

NLP research has attained high performances in abusive language detection as a supervised classification task. While in research settings, training and test datasets are usually obtained from similar data samples, in practice systems are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Isar Nejadgholi , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Hate speech is a major issue in social networks due to the high volume of data generated daily. Recent works demonstrate the usefulness of machine learning (ML) in dealing with the nuances required to distinguish between hateful posts from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Rafael M. O. Cruz , Woshington V. de Sousa , George D. C. Cavalcanti

In this study we approach the problem of distinguishing general profanity from hate speech in social media, something which has not been widely considered. Using a new dataset annotated specifically for this task, we employ supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Shervin Malmasi , Marcos Zampieri

Supervised deep learning models require significant amount of labeled data to achieve an acceptable performance on a specific task. However, when tested on unseen data, the models may not perform well. Therefore, the models need to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Akshit Achara , Ram Krishna Pandey

Hate speech detection is complex; it relies on commonsense reasoning, knowledge of stereotypes, and an understanding of social nuance that differs from one culture to the next. It is also difficult to collect a large-scale hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Badr AlKhamissi , Faisal Ladhak , Srini Iyer , Ves Stoyanov , Zornitsa Kozareva , Xian Li , Pascale Fung , Lambert Mathias , Asli Celikyilmaz , Mona Diab

The rapid growth of social media in recent years has fed into some highly undesirable phenomena such as proliferation of abusive and offensive language on the Internet. Previous research suggests that such hateful content tends to come from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-02-19 Pushkar Mishra , Marco Del Tredici , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ekaterina Shutova

Online propaganda poses a severe threat to the integrity of societies. However, existing datasets for detecting online propaganda have a key limitation: they were annotated using weak labels that can be noisy and even incorrect. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Abdurahman Maarouf , Dominik Bär , Dominique Geissler , Stefan Feuerriegel

Technologies for abusive language detection are being developed and applied with little consideration of their potential biases. We examine racial bias in five different sets of Twitter data annotated for hate speech and abusive language.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Thomas Davidson , Debasmita Bhattacharya , Ingmar Weber

Automated hate speech detection in social media is a challenging task that has recently gained significant traction in the data mining and Natural Language Processing community. However, most of the existing methods adopt a supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Md Rabiul Awal , Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Sandra Mitrovic