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Labeling data can be an expensive task as it is usually performed manually by domain experts. This is cumbersome for deep learning, as it is dependent on large labeled datasets. Active learning (AL) is a paradigm that aims to reduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Pieter Floris Jacobs , Gideon Maillette de Buy Wenniger , Marco Wiering , Lambert Schomaker

Active Learning (AL) is an active domain of research, but is seldom used in the industry despite the pressing needs. This is in part due to a misalignment of objectives, while research strives at getting the best results on selected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-22 Alexandre Abraham , Léo Dreyfus-Schmidt

Supervised learning relies on data annotation which usually is time-consuming and therefore expensive. A longstanding strategy to reduce annotation costs is active learning, an iterative process, in which a human annotates only data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Julia Romberg , Christopher Schröder , Julius Gonsior , Katrin Tomanek , Fredrik Olsson

Active learning (AL) is a learning paradigm where an active learner has to train a model (e.g., a classifier) which is in principal trained in a supervised way, but in AL it has to be done by means of a data set with initially unlabeled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-23 Adrian Calma , Tobias Reitmaier , Bernhard Sick , Paul Lukowicz , Mark Embrechts

Active Learning (AL) addresses the high costs of collecting human annotations by strategically annotating the most informative samples. However, for subjective NLP tasks, incorporating a wide range of perspectives in the annotation process…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Michiel van der Meer , Neele Falk , Pradeep K. Murukannaiah , Enrico Liscio

Active learning (AL) algorithms aim to identify an optimal subset of data for annotation, such that deep neural networks (DNN) can achieve better performance when trained on this labeled subset. AL is especially impactful in industrial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Zeyad Ali Sami Emam , Hong-Min Chu , Ping-Yeh Chiang , Wojciech Czaja , Richard Leapman , Micah Goldblum , Tom Goldstein

Active Learning (AL) has garnered significant interest across various application domains where labeling training data is costly. AL provides a framework that helps practitioners query informative samples for annotation by oracles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Pouya Ahadi , Blair Winograd , Camille Zaug , Karunesh Arora , Lijun Wang , Kamran Paynabar

Active Learning (AL) has been a powerful paradigm for improving model efficiency and performance by selecting the most informative data points for labeling and training. In recent active learning frameworks, Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Access to high-quality labeled data remains a limiting factor in applied supervised learning. While label variation (LV), i.e., differing labels for the same instance, is common, especially in natural language processing, annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Cornelia Gruber , Helen Alber , Bernd Bischl , Göran Kauermann , Barbara Plank , Matthias Aßenmacher

Active Learning (AL) is a family of machine learning (ML) algorithms that predates the current era of artificial intelligence. Unlike traditional approaches that require labeled samples for training, AL iteratively selects unlabeled samples…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Yongcheng Ding , José D. Martín-Guerrero , Yolanda Vives-Gilabert , Xi Chen

Human annotation cost and time remain significant bottlenecks in Natural Language Processing (NLP), with test data annotation being particularly expensive due to the stringent requirement for low-error and high-quality labels necessary for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Antonio Purificato , Maria Sofia Bucarelli , Andrea Bacciu , Amin Mantrach , Fabrizio Silvestri

Active learning (AL) seeks to reduce annotation costs by selecting the most informative samples for labeling, making it particularly valuable in resource-constrained settings. However, traditional evaluation methods, which focus solely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Julia Machnio , Mads Nielsen , Mostafa Mehdipour Ghazi

Multi-task learning is central to many real-world applications. Unfortunately, obtaining labelled data for all tasks is time-consuming, challenging, and expensive. Active Learning (AL) can be used to reduce this burden. Existing techniques…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Nikita Durasov , Nik Dorndorf , Pascal Fua

Active Learning (AL) promises to reduce annotation cost by prioritizing informative samples, yet its reliability is undermined when labels are noisy or when the data distribution shifts. In practice, annotators make mistakes, rare…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Atharv Goel , Sharat Agarwal , Saket Anand , Chetan Arora

Supervised machine learning has become the cornerstone of today's data-driven society, increasing the need for labeled data. However, the process of acquiring labels is often expensive and tedious. One possible remedy is to use active…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Josip Jukić , Fran Jelenić , Miroslav Bićanić , Jan Šnajder

Central to active learning (AL) is what data should be selected for annotation. Existing works attempt to select highly uncertain or informative data for annotation. Nevertheless, it remains unclear how selected data impacts the test…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Tianyang Wang , Xingjian Li , Pengkun Yang , Guosheng Hu , Xiangrui Zeng , Siyu Huang , Cheng-Zhong Xu , Min Xu

Construction of human-curated annotated datasets for abstractive text summarization (ATS) is very time-consuming and expensive because creating each instance requires a human annotator to read a long document and compose a shorter summary…

Active learning (AL), which aims to construct an effective training set by iteratively curating the most formative unlabeled data for annotation, has been widely used in low-resource tasks. Most active learning techniques in classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yun Luo , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yingjie Li , Fang Guo , Qinglin Qi , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Semantic segmentation is crucial for various biomedical applications, yet its reliance on large annotated datasets presents a bottleneck due to the high cost and specialized expertise required for manual labeling. Active Learning (AL) aims…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Carsten T. Lüth , Jeremias Traub , Kim-Celine Kahl , Till J. Bungert , Lukas Klein , Lars Krämer , Paul F. Jaeger , Fabian Isensee , Klaus Maier-Hein

Federated learning (FL) has been intensively investigated in terms of communication efficiency, privacy, and fairness. However, efficient annotation, which is a pain point in real-world FL applications, is less studied. In this project, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jin-Hyun Ahn , Kyungsang Kim , Jeongwan Koh , Quanzheng Li