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Operational meteorological forecasting has long relied on physics-based numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Recently, this landscape has faced disruption by the advent of data-driven artificial intelligence (AI)-based weather models,…

It is informative to evaluate a forecaster's ability to predict outcomes that have a large impact on the forecast user. Although weighted scoring rules have become a well-established tool to achieve this, such scores have been studied…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-28 Sam Allen , David Ginsbourger , Johanna Ziegel

A generalised concept of the signal-to-noise ratio (or equivalently the ratio of predictable components, or RPC) is provided, based on proper scoring rules. This definition is the natural generalisation of the classical RPC, yet it allows…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-31 Jochen Bröcker , Eviatar Bach

Current statistical post-processing methods for probabilistic weather forecasting are not capable of using full spatial patterns from the numerical weather prediction (NWP) model. In this paper we incorporate spatial wind speed information…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-21 Simon Veldkamp , Kirien Whan , Sjoerd Dirksen , Maurice Schmeits

Accurate production forecasts are essential to continue facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid. This paper illustrates how to obtain probabilistic day-ahead forecasts of wind power generation via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Max Bruninx , Diederik van Binsbergen , Timothy Verstraeten , Ann Nowé , Jan Helsen

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers around the world operate a variety of NWP models. In addition, recent advances in AI-driven NWP models have further increased the availability of NWP outputs. While this expansion holds the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Atsushi Kudo

Probabilistic forecasts of wind speed are important for a wide range of applications, ranging from operational decision making in connection with wind power generation to storm warnings, ship routing and aviation. We present a statistical…

Applications · Statistics 2016-08-06 Michael Scheuerer , David Möller

Despite the significance of probabilistic time-series forecasting models, their evaluation metrics often involve intractable integrations. The most widely used metric, the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS), is a strictly proper…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-07-25 Masaki Adachi , Masahiro Fujisawa , Michael A Osborne

Accurate and timely weather forecasts are critical for high-impact decisions in modern society. Machine-learning-based weather prediction is emerging as an alternative for producing initial conditions, forecasts, and even both in end-to-end…

Accurate evaluation of weather forecasting models is critical for their reliable deployment in real-world applications. However, existing benchmarks predominantly rely on reanalysis products such as ERA5, which are generated through delayed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ruize Li , Zhibin Wen , Tao Han , Hao Chen , Fenghua Ling , Wei Zhang , Song Guo , Lei Bai

We propose a neural network approach to produce probabilistic weather forecasts from a deterministic numerical weather prediction. Our approach is applied to operational surface temperature outputs from the Global Deterministic Prediction…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-04-07 David Landry , Anastase Charantonis , Claire Monteleoni

The demand for high-resolution information on climate change is critical for accurate projections and decision-making. Presently, this need is addressed through high-resolution climate models or downscaling. High-resolution models are…

We introduce a universal diffusion-based downscaling framework that lifts deterministic low-resolution weather forecasts into probabilistic high-resolution predictions without any model-specific fine-tuning. A single conditional diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Roberto Molinaro , Niall Siegenheim , Henry Martin , Mark Frey , Niels Poulsen , Philipp Seitz , Marvin Vincent Gabler

Accurate weather forecasting is essential for socioeconomic activities. While data-driven forecasting demonstrates superior predictive capabilities over traditional Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with reduced computational demands, its…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2024-12-12 Congyi Nai , Xi Chen , Shangshang Yang , Yuan Liang , Ziniu Xiao , Baoxiang Pan

The safety of autonomous driving systems (ADS) depends on accurate perception across distance and driving conditions. The outputs of AI perception algorithms are stochastic, which have a major impact on decision making and safety outcomes,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Boyu Jiang , Liang Shi , Zhengzhi Lin , Lanxin Xiang , Loren Stowe , Feng Guo

The perspective of developing trustworthy AI for critical applications in science and engineering requires machine learning techniques that are capable of estimating their own uncertainty. In the context of regression, instead of estimating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Quentin Duchemin , Guillaume Obozinski

Data-driven forecasts of air quality have recently achieved more accurate short-term predictions. Despite their success, most of the current data-driven solutions lack proper quantifications of model uncertainty that communicate how much to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Abdulmajid Murad , Frank Alexander Kraemer , Kerstin Bach , Gavin Taylor

Uncertainty analysis in the form of probabilistic forecasting can significantly improve decision making processes in the smart power grid for better integrating renewable energy sources such as wind. Whereas point forecasting provides a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-05 Kostas Hatalis , Alberto J. Lamadrid , Katya Scheinberg , Shalinee Kishore

Statistical analysis of extremes can be used to predict the probability of future extreme events, such as large rainfalls or devastating windstorms. The quality of these forecasts can be measured through scoring rules. Locally scale…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-22 Helga Kristin Olafsdottir , Holger Rootzén , David Bolin

By the end of 2021, the renewable energy share of the global electricity capacity reached 38.3% and the new installations are dominated by wind and solar energy, showing global increases of 12.7% and 18.5%, respectively. However, both wind…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-18 Ágnes Baran , Sándor Baran