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Related papers: Non-Asymptotic Length Generalization

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Length generalization is a key property of a learning algorithm that enables it to make correct predictions on inputs of any length, given finite training data. To provide such a guarantee, one needs to be able to compute a length…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Andy Yang , Pascal Bergsträßer , Georg Zetzsche , David Chiang , Anthony W. Lin

Large language models exhibit surprising emergent generalization properties, yet also struggle on many simple reasoning tasks such as arithmetic and parity. This raises the question of if and when Transformer models can learn the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Hattie Zhou , Arwen Bradley , Etai Littwin , Noam Razin , Omid Saremi , Josh Susskind , Samy Bengio , Preetum Nakkiran

A major challenge for transformers is generalizing to sequences longer than those observed during training. While previous works have empirically shown that transformers can either succeed or fail at length generalization depending on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xinting Huang , Andy Yang , Satwik Bhattamishra , Yash Sarrof , Andreas Krebs , Hattie Zhou , Preetum Nakkiran , Michael Hahn

Length generalization refers to the ability to extrapolate from short training sequences to long test sequences and is a challenge for current large language models. While prior work has proposed some architecture or data format changes to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Kaiying Hou , David Brandfonbrener , Sham Kakade , Samy Jelassi , Eran Malach

Recent work has shown that Transformers trained from scratch can successfully solve various arithmetic and algorithmic tasks, such as adding numbers and computing parity. While these Transformers generalize well on unseen inputs of the same…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Ying Fan , Yilun Du , Kannan Ramchandran , Kangwook Lee

Transformers have shown inconsistent success in AI planning tasks, and theoretical understanding of when generalization should be expected has been limited. We take important steps towards addressing this gap by analyzing the ability of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Yash Sarrof , Yupei Du , Katharina Stein , Alexander Koller , Sylvie Thiébaux , Michael Hahn

Length generalization, defined as the ability to extrapolate from shorter training sequences to longer test ones, is a significant challenge for language models. This issue persists even with large-scale Transformers handling relatively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Yongchao Zhou , Uri Alon , Xinyun Chen , Xuezhi Wang , Rishabh Agarwal , Denny Zhou

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of AI agents. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities to perform reasoning tasks. However, numerous evaluations of the reasoning capabilities of LLMs have also showed some…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-07 Changnan Xiao , Bing Liu

The ability to extrapolate from short problem instances to longer ones is an important form of out-of-distribution generalization in reasoning tasks, and is crucial when learning from datasets where longer problem instances are rare. These…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Cem Anil , Yuhuai Wu , Anders Andreassen , Aitor Lewkowycz , Vedant Misra , Vinay Ramasesh , Ambrose Slone , Guy Gur-Ari , Ethan Dyer , Behnam Neyshabur

The ability to reason lies at the core of artificial intelligence (AI), and challenging problems usually call for deeper and longer reasoning to tackle. A crucial question about AI reasoning is whether models can extrapolate learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yu Huang , Zixin Wen , Aarti Singh , Yuejie Chi , Yuxin Chen

Inspired by recent strides in empirical efficacy of implicit learning in many robotics tasks, we seek to understand the theoretical benefits of implicit formulations in the face of nearly discontinuous functions, common characteristics for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Bibit Bianchini , Mathew Halm , Nikolai Matni , Michael Posa

We study the problem of length generalization (LG) in transformers: the ability of a model trained on shorter sequences to maintain performance when evaluated on much longer, previously unseen inputs. Prior work by Huang et al. (2025)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Zachary Izzo , Eshaan Nichani , Jason D. Lee

Transformers often struggle with length generalization, meaning they fail to generalize to sequences longer than those encountered during training. While arithmetic tasks are commonly used to study length generalization, certain tasks are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Hanseul Cho , Jaeyoung Cha , Srinadh Bhojanapalli , Chulhee Yun

Path regularization has shown to be a very effective regularization to train neural networks, leading to a better generalization property than common regularizations i.e. weight decay, etc. We propose a first near-complete (as will be made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Hao Yu

Transformer language models have demonstrated impressive generalization capabilities in natural language domains, yet we lack a fine-grained understanding of how such generalization arises. In this paper, we investigate length…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Ziyang Cai , Nayoung Lee , Avi Schwarzschild , Samet Oymak , Dimitris Papailiopoulos

The primary objective of learning methods is generalization. Classic uniform generalization bounds, which rely on VC-dimension or Rademacher complexity, fail to explain the significant attribute that over-parameterized models in deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Lijia Yu , Yibo Miao , Yifan Zhu , Xiao-Shan Gao , Lijun Zhang

Generalizing to longer sentences is important for recent Transformer-based language models. Besides algorithms manipulating explicit position features, the success of Transformers without position encodings (NoPE) provides a new way to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jie Wang , Tao Ji , Yuanbin Wu , Hang Yan , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang , Xiaoling Wang

We consider the generalization ability of algorithms for learning to rank at a query level, a problem also called subset ranking. Existing generalization error bounds necessarily degrade as the size of the document list associated with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Ambuj Tewari , Sougata Chaudhuri

Recent inductive logic programming (ILP) approaches learn optimal hypotheses. An optimal hypothesis minimises a given cost function on the training data. There are many cost functions, such as minimising training error, textual complexity,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Céline Hocquette , Andrew Cropper

Transformer-based models excel in various tasks but their generalization capabilities, especially in arithmetic reasoning, remain incompletely understood. Arithmetic tasks provide a controlled framework to explore these capabilities, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xingcheng Xu , Zibo Zhao , Haipeng Zhang , Yanqing Yang
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