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Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) often adjust for baseline covariates in order to increase power. This technical note provides a short derivation of a simple rule of thumb for approximating the ratio of the power of an adjusted analysis…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-16 Charles K. Fisher

High dimensional case control studies are ubiquitous in the biological sciences, particularly genomics. To maximise power while constraining cost and to minimise type-1 error rates, researchers typically seek to replicate findings in a…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-11 James Liley

Group sequential designs in clinical trials allow for interim efficacy and futility monitoring. Adjustment for baseline covariates can increase power and precision of estimated effects. However, inconsistently applying covariate adjustment…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-08-11 Marlena S. Bannick , Sonya L. Heltshe , Noah Simon

In testing for correlation of the errors in regression models the power of tests can be very low for strongly correlated errors. This counterintuitive phenomenon has become known as the "zero-power trap". Despite a considerable amount of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-01 David Preinerstorfer

Generalizations to the permutation test are introduced to allow for situations in which the null model is not exchangeable. It is shown that the generalized permutation tests are exact, and a partial converse: that any test function that is…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-09-03 Jeffrey Roach , William Valdar

In this paper, we consider tests for ultrahigh-dimensional partially linear regression models. The presence of ultrahigh-dimensional nuisance covariates and unknown nuisance function makes the inference problem very challenging. We adopt…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-18 Hongwei Shi , Bowen Sun , Weichao Yang , Xu Guo

Bonferroni's correction is a popular tool to address multiplicity but is notorious for its low power when tests are dependent. This paper proposes a practical modification of Bonferroni's correction when test statistics are jointly normal…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-24 Caleb Hiltunen , Yeonwoo Rho

Conformalized multiple testing offers a model-free way to control predictive uncertainty in decision-making. Existing methods typically use only part of the available data to build score functions tailored to specific settings. We propose a…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-22 Yuyang Huo , Xiaoyang Wu , Changliang Zou , Haojie Ren

The problem of detecting changes in covariance for a single pair of features has been studied in some detail, but may be limited in importance or general applicability. In contrast, testing equality of covariance matrices of a {\it set} of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-12-12 Yi-Hui Zhou

In this paper, we identify partial correlation information structures that allow for simpler reformulations in evaluating the maximum expected value of mixed integer linear programs with random objective coefficients. To this end, assuming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-25 Divya Padmanabhan , Karthik Natarajan , Karthyek R. A. Murthy

The model-X conditional randomization test is a generic framework for conditional independence testing, unlocking new possibilities to discover features that are conditionally associated with a response of interest while controlling type-I…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-21 Shalev Shaer , Yaniv Romano

In confirmatory clinical trials, survival outcomes are frequently studied and interim analyses for efficacy and/or futility are often desirable. Methods such as the log rank test and Cox regression model are commonly used to compare…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-27 Peter Zhang , Brent Logan , Michael Martens

Hypothesis testing of structure in correlation and covariance matrices is of broad interest in many application areas. In high dimensions and/or small to moderate sample sizes, high error rates in testing is a substantial concern. This…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-07 Ziyang Ding , David Dunson

In the big data era, the need to reevaluate traditional statistical methods is paramount due to the challenges posed by vast datasets. While larger samples theoretically enhance accuracy and hypothesis testing power without increasing false…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-09 Xuekui Zhang , Li Xing , Jing Zhang , Soojeong Kim

Permutation tests are widely used in statistics, providing a finite-sample guarantee on the type I error rate whenever the distribution of the samples under the null hypothesis is invariant to some rearrangement. Despite its increasing…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-05-26 Ilmun Kim , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Larry Wasserman

Multiple hypothesis testing is a significant problem in nearly all neuroimaging studies. In order to correct for this phenomena, we require a reliable estimate of the Family-Wise Error Rate (FWER). The well known Bonferroni correction…

Computation · Statistics 2015-02-17 Chris Hinrichs , Vamsi K Ithapu , Qinyuan Sun , Sterling C Johnson , Vikas Singh

Conditional power calculations are frequently used to guide the decision whether or not to stop a trial for futility or to modify planned sample size. These ignore the information in short-term endpoints and baseline covariates, and thereby…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-04-11 Kelly Van Lancker , An Vandebosch , Stijn Vansteelandt

Adapting the final sample size of a trial to the evidence accruing during the trial is a natural way to address planning uncertainty. Designs with adaptive sample size need to account for their optional stopping to guarantee strict type-I…

In group sequential designs, where several data looks are conducted for early stopping, we generally assume the vector of test statistics from the sequential analyses follows (at least approximately or asymptotially) a multivariate normal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-22 Long-Hao Xu , Tobias Mütze , Frank Konietschke , Tim Friede

The problem of testing changes in covariance has received increasing attention in recent years, especially in the context of high-dimensional testing. A number of approaches have been proposed, all limited to the two-sample problem and…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-09-06 Yi-Hui Zhou