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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) improves the factual accuracy of large language model (LLM) outputs by grounding generation in external knowledge. Recent agentic RAG systems extend this paradigm with critical agents to evaluate model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Gongbo Zhang , Yifan Peng , Chunhua Weng

Due to the lack of parallel data in current Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) task, models based on Sequence to Sequence framework cannot be adequately trained to obtain higher performance. We propose two data synthesis methods which can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-28 Liner Yang , Chencheng Wang , Yun Chen , Yongping Du , Erhong Yang

Training a model for grammatical error correction (GEC) requires a set of labeled ungrammatical / grammatical sentence pairs, but manually annotating such pairs can be expensive. Recently, the Break-It-Fix-It (BIFI) framework has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Michihiro Yasunaga , Jure Leskovec , Percy Liang

Resources for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) in non-English languages are scarce, while available spellcheckers in these languages are mostly limited to simple corrections and rules. In this paper we introduce a first GEC corpus for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Teodor-Mihai Cotet , Stefan Ruseti , Mihai Dascalu

This study investigates how supervised quality estimation (QE) models of grammatical error correction (GEC) are affected by the learners' proficiency with the data. QE models for GEC evaluations in prior work have obtained a high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Yujin Takahashi , Masahiro Kaneko , Masato Mita , Mamoru Komachi

Cross-lingual Machine Translation (MT) quality estimation plays a crucial role in evaluating translation performance. GEMBA, the first MT quality assessment metric based on Large Language Models (LLMs), employs one-step prompting to achieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Hao Yang , Min Zhang , Shimin Tao , Minghan Wang , Daimeng Wei , Yanfei Jiang

In recent years, sequence-to-sequence models have been very effective for end-to-end grammatical error correction (GEC). As creating human-annotated parallel corpus for GEC is expensive and time-consuming, there has been work on artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-23 Phu Mon Htut , Joel Tetreault

This work proposes a syntax-enhanced grammatical error correction (GEC) approach named SynGEC that effectively incorporates dependency syntactic information into the encoder part of GEC models. The key challenge for this idea is that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yue Zhang , Bo Zhang , Zhenghua Li , Zuyi Bao , Chen Li , Min Zhang

For sequence-to-sequence tasks it is challenging to combine individual system outputs. Further, there is also often a mismatch between the decoding criterion and the one used for assessment. Minimum Bayes' Risk (MBR) decoding can be used to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Vyas Raina , Mark Gales

Text editing can involve several iterations of revision. Incorporating an efficient Grammar Error Correction (GEC) tool in the initial correction round can significantly impact further human editing effort and final text quality. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ankit Vadehra , Bill Johnson , Gene Saunders , Pascal Poupart

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated improved generation performance by incorporating externally retrieved knowledge, a process known as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Despite the potential of this approach, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Lu Dai , Yijie Xu , Jinhui Ye , Hao Liu , Hui Xiong

We introduce a novel approach to improve unsupervised hashing. Specifically, we propose a very efficient embedding method: Gaussian Mixture Model embedding (Gemb). The proposed method, using Gaussian Mixture Model, embeds feature vector…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-07-05 Tuan Hoang , Thanh-Toan Do , Dang-Khoa Le Tan , Ngai-Man Cheung

Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) has been broadly applied in automatic correction and proofreading system recently. However, it is still immature in Chinese GEC due to limited high-quality data from native speakers in terms of category…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Lvxiaowei Xu , Jianwang Wu , Jiawei Peng , Jiayu Fu , Ming Cai

Grammar error correction (GEC) systems have become ubiquitous in a variety of software applications, and have started to approach human-level performance for some datasets. However, very little is known about how to efficiently personalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-05 Maria Nadejde , Joel Tetreault

GPT-3 and GPT-4 models are powerful, achieving high performance on a variety of Natural Language Processing tasks. However, there is a relative lack of detailed published analysis of their performance on the task of grammatical error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Steven Coyne , Keisuke Sakaguchi , Diana Galvan-Sosa , Michael Zock , Kentaro Inui

Graph edit distance (GED) is a powerful and flexible graph matching paradigm that can be used to address different tasks in structural pattern recognition, machine learning, and data mining. In this paper, some new binary linear programming…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-05-22 Julien Lerouge , Zeina Abu-Aisheh , Romain Raveaux , Pierre Héroux , Sébastien Adam

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) is a core approach for enhancing Large Language Models (LLMs), where the effectiveness of the retriever largely determines the overall response quality of RAG systems. Retrievers encompass a multitude of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zou Yuheng , Wang Yiran , Tian Yuzhu , Zhu Min , Huang Yanhua

In automated essay scoring (AES), recent efforts have shifted toward cross-prompt settings that score essays on unseen prompts for practical applicability. However, prior methods trained with essay-score pairs of specific prompts pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Heejin Do , Taehee Park , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) and Automatic Essay Feedback (AEF) systems aim to reduce the workload of human raters in educational assessment. However, most existing systems prioritize numerical scoring accuracy over feedback quality and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joaquín Jordán , Xavier Yin , Melissa Fabros , Gireeja Ranade , Narges Norouzi

We describe an approach to Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) that is effective at making use of models trained on large amounts of weakly supervised bitext. We train the Transformer sequence-to-sequence model on 4B tokens of Wikipedia…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Jared Lichtarge , Christopher Alberti , Shankar Kumar , Noam Shazeer , Niki Parmar