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We consider the problem of minimizing a high-dimensional objective function, which may include a regularization term, using (possibly noisy) evaluations of the function. Such optimization is also called derivative-free, zeroth-order, or…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-20 HanQin Cai , Daniel Mckenzie , Wotao Yin , Zhenliang Zhang

Federated learning (FL) scenarios inherently generate a large communication overhead by frequently transmitting neural network updates between clients and server. To minimize the communication cost, introducing sparsity in conjunction with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Daniel Becking , Heiner Kirchhoffer , Gerhard Tech , Paul Haase , Karsten Müller , Heiko Schwarz , Wojciech Samek

Federated Learning is a machine learning setting where the goal is to train a high-quality centralized model while training data remains distributed over a large number of clients each with unreliable and relatively slow network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-01 Jakub Konečný , H. Brendan McMahan , Felix X. Yu , Peter Richtárik , Ananda Theertha Suresh , Dave Bacon

Federated Learning enables collaborative fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) across decentralized Non-Independent and Identically Distributed (Non-IID) clients, but such models' massive parameter sizes lead to significant memory and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yide Ran , Wentao Guo , Jingwei Sun , Yanzhou Pan , Xiaodong Yu , Hao Wang , Jianwen Xie , Yiran Chen , Denghui Zhang , Zhaozhuo Xu

Distributed optimization is the standard way of speeding up machine learning training, and most of the research in the area focuses on distributed first-order, gradient-based methods. Yet, there are settings where some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Matin Ansaripour , Shayan Talaei , Giorgi Nadiradze , Dan Alistarh

Recently, federated learning (FL), which replaces data sharing with model sharing, has emerged as an efficient and privacy-friendly machine learning (ML) paradigm. One of the main challenges in FL is the huge communication cost for model…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-14 Huiyuan Yang , Tian Ding , Xiaojun Yuan

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization is a subset of gradient-free optimization that emerges in many signal processing and machine learning applications. It is used for solving optimization problems similarly to gradient-based methods. However, it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Sijia Liu , Pin-Yu Chen , Bhavya Kailkhura , Gaoyuan Zhang , Alfred Hero , Pramod K. Varshney

In federated learning (FL), models must \emph{converge quickly} under tight communication budgets while \emph{generalizing} across non-IID client distributions. These twin requirements have naturally led to two widely used techniques:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Tianle Li , Yongzhi Huang , Linshan Jiang , Chang Liu , Qipeng Xie , Wenfeng Du , Lu Wang , Kaishun Wu

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for adapting pre-trained models to downstream tasks. Yet traditional first-order optimizers such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and Adam incur prohibitive memory and computational…

Information compression is essential to reduce communication cost in distributed optimization over peer-to-peer networks. This paper proposes a communication-efficient linearly convergent distributed (COLD) algorithm to solve strongly…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-05-17 Jiaqi Zhang , Keyou You , Lihua Xie

Popular machine learning approaches forgo second-order information due to the difficulty of computing curvature in high dimensions. We present FOSI, a novel meta-algorithm that improves the performance of any base first-order optimizer by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Hadar Sivan , Moshe Gabel , Assaf Schuster

Federated Learning (FL) allows multiple distributed devices to jointly train a shared model without centralizing data, but communication cost remains a major bottleneck, especially in resource-constrained environments. This paper introduces…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Ahmad Alhonainy , Praveen Rao

Zeroth-order (ZO) method has been shown to be a powerful method for solving the optimization problem where explicit expression of the gradients is difficult or infeasible to obtain. Recently, due to the practical value of the constrained…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Wanli Shi , Hongchang Gao , Bin Gu

Fine-tuning language models (LMs) has demonstrated success in a wide array of downstream tasks. However, as LMs are scaled up, the memory requirements for backpropagation become prohibitively high. Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization methods can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Tanmay Gautam , Youngsuk Park , Hao Zhou , Parameswaran Raman , Wooseok Ha

In a real federated learning (FL) system, communication overhead for passing model parameters between the clients and the parameter server (PS) is often a bottleneck. Hierarchical federated learning (HFL) that poses multiple edge servers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xingrun Yan , Shiyuan Zuo , Rongfei Fan , Han Hu , Li Shen , Puning Zhao , Yong Luo

We study stochastic zeroth-order optimization with decision-dependent distributions, where the sampling law depends on the current decision and only noisy function values are available. For the non-smooth non-convex setting, we establish an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-08 Chengchang Liu , Zongqi Wan , Haishan Ye , John C. S. Lui

We propose a communication efficient quasi-Newton method for large-scale multi-agent convex composite optimization. We assume the setting of a network of agents that cooperatively solve a global minimization problem with strongly convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-02-18 Yichuan Li , Petros G. Voulgaris , Nikolaos M. Freris

The minimization of convex functions which are only available through partial and noisy information is a key methodological problem in many disciplines. In this paper we consider convex optimization with noisy zero-th order information,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-27 Francis Bach , Vianney Perchet

Fine-tuning pre-trained Large Language Models (LLMs) for downstream tasks using First-Order (FO) optimizers presents significant computational challenges. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods address these by freezing most model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Reza Shirkavand , Peiran Yu , Qi He , Heng Huang

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized model training across multiple clients while optionally preserving data privacy. However, communication efficiency remains a critical bottleneck, particularly for large-scale models. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Arnaud Descours , Léonard Deroose , Jan Ramon