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Post-training quantization of Large Language Models (LLMs) has proven effective in reducing the memory and computational requirements for inference. In this study, we focus on a straightforward question: When aiming for a target accuracy or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Zeyu Cao , Boyang Gu , Cheng Zhang , Pedro Gimenes , Jianqiao Lu , Jianyi Cheng , Xitong Gao , Yiren Zhao

Reasoning is an integral part of many tasks performed by language models (LMs). However, the effects of scaling model sizes and data on reasoning abilities at pretraining time remain understudied. To rigorously investigate this problem, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xinyi Wang , Shawn Tan , Shenbo Xu , Mingyu Jin , William Yang Wang , Rameswar Panda , Yikang Shen

Today's HPC applications are producing extremely large amounts of data, such that data storage and analysis are becoming more challenging for scientific research. In this work, we design a new error-controlled lossy compression algorithm…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-06-14 Dingwen Tao , Sheng Di , Zizhong Chen , Franck Cappello

As language models scale, the amount of data they require grows -- yet many target data sources, such as low-resource languages or specialized domains, are inherently limited in size. A common strategy is to mix this scarce but valuable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Anastasiia Sedova , Skyler Seto , Natalie Schluter , Pierre Ablin

Neural scaling laws, which in some domains can predict the performance of large neural networks as a function of model, data, and compute scale, are the cornerstone of building foundation models in Natural Language Processing and Computer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shashank Subramanian , Alexander Kiefer , Arnur Nigmetov , Amir Gholami , Dmitriy Morozov , Michael W. Mahoney

Scaling laws describing the dependence of neural network performance on the amount of training data, the spent compute, and the network size have emerged across a huge variety of machine learning task and datasets. In this work, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-21 Henning Bahl , Victor Bresó-Pla , Anja Butter , Joaquín Iturriza Ramirez

While scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) during pre-training have been extensively studied, their behavior under reinforcement learning (RL) post-training remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a systematic empirical…

Deep neural networks exhibit empirical neural scaling laws, with error decreasing as a power law with increasing model or data size, across a wide variety of architectures, tasks, and datasets. This universality suggests that scaling laws…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Ari Brill

Data is the cornerstone of large language models (LLMs), but not all data is useful for model learning. Carefully selected data can better elicit the capabilities of LLMs with much less computational overhead. Most methods concentrate on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Mingjia Yin , Chuhan Wu , Yufei Wang , Hao Wang , Wei Guo , Yasheng Wang , Yong Liu , Ruiming Tang , Defu Lian , Enhong Chen

Model compression techniques, such as pruning and quantization, are becoming increasingly important to reduce the memory footprints and the amount of computations. Despite model size reduction, achieving performance enhancement on devices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-06 Se Jung Kwon , Dongsoo Lee , Byeongwook Kim , Parichay Kapoor , Baeseong Park , Gu-Yeon Wei

Scaling laws describe how language models improve with additional data, parameters, and compute. While widely used, they are typically measured on aggregate test sets. Aggregate evaluations yield clean trends but average over heterogeneous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 William Held , David Hall , Percy Liang , Diyi Yang

Transformer based large language models have achieved tremendous success. However, the significant memory and computational costs incurred during the inference process make it challenging to deploy large models on resource-constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Wenxiao Wang , Wei Chen , Yicong Luo , Yongliu Long , Zhengkai Lin , Liye Zhang , Binbin Lin , Deng Cai , Xiaofei He

Recently, 1-bit Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged, showcasing an impressive combination of efficiency and performance that rivals traditional LLMs. Research by Wang et al. (2023); Ma et al. (2024) indicates that the performance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Majid Daliri , Zhao Song , Chiwun Yang

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

Enforcing universal symmetries in machine learning (ML) models is a common strategy to mitigate data scarcity. We show that exploiting exact, as well as approximate, label symmetries can benefit scaling laws. We illustrate the idea for the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Scott Y. H. Kim , Mathis Lechaume-Robert , O. Anatole von Lilienfeld

Hyperparameter transfer has become an important component of modern large-scale training recipes. Existing methods, such as muP, primarily focus on transfer between model sizes, with transfer across batch sizes and training horizons often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Egor Shulgin , Dimitri von Rütte , Tianyue H. Zhang , Niccolò Ajroldi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Antonio Orvieto

Neural scaling laws aim to characterize how out-of-sample error behaves as a function of model and training dataset size. Such scaling laws guide allocation of a computational resources between model and data processing to minimize error.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Hong Jun Jeon , Benjamin Van Roy

Scaling models has led to significant advancements in deep learning, but training these models in decentralized settings remains challenging due to communication bottlenecks. While existing compression techniques are effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sameera Ramasinghe , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Gil Avraham , Yan Zuo , Alexander Long

Predicting changes from scaling advanced AI systems is a desirable property for engineers, economists, governments and industry alike, and, while a well-established literature exists on how pretraining performance scales, predictable…

Large-sample data became prevalent as data acquisition became cheaper and easier. While a large sample size has theoretical advantages for many statistical methods, it presents computational challenges. Sketching, or compression, is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-05-11 Alexander F. Lapanowski , Irina Gaynanova