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Extracting Handwritten text is one of the most important components of digitizing information and making it available for large scale setting. Handwriting Optical Character Reader (OCR) is a research problem in computer vision and natural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-10 Mohammad Daniyal Shaiq , Musa Dildar Ahmed Cheema , Ali Kamal

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a vital process that involves the extraction of handwritten or printed text from scanned or printed images, converting it into a format that can be understood and processed by machines. This enables…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Mahmoud SalahEldin Kasem , Mohamed Mahmoud , Hyun-Soo Kang

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process of extracting digitized text from images of scanned documents. While OCR systems have already matured in many languages, they still have shortcomings in cursive languages with overlapping…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Hussein Osman , Karim Zaghw , Mostafa Hazem , Seifeldin Elsehely

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Amit Bin Tariqul , A N M Zahid Hossain Milkan , Sahab-Al-Chowdhury , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

There is an immense quantity of historical and cultural documentation that exists only as handwritten manuscripts. At the same time, performing OCR across scripts and different handwriting styles has proven to be an enormously difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Lucian Li

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) has been a topic of interest for many years. It is defined as the process of digitizing a document image into its constituent characters. Despite decades of intense research, developing OCR with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-17 Noman Islam , Zeeshan Islam , Nazia Noor

Optical character recognition (OCR) is a process of converting analogue documents into digital using document images. Currently, many commercial and non-commercial OCR systems exist for both handwritten and printed copies for different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Farisa Benta Safir , Abu Quwsar Ohi , M. F. Mridha , Muhammad Mostafa Monowar , Md. Abdul Hamid

This literature review surveys the advancements of keyword spotting (KWS) technologies, specifically focusing on Urdu, Pakistan's low-resource language (LRL), which has complex phonetics. Despite the global strides in speech technology,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Syed Muhammad Aqdas Rizvi

This research paper presents a unique Bengali OCR system with some capabilities. The system excels in reconstructing document layouts while preserving structure, alignment, and images. It incorporates advanced image and signature detection…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-09 AKM Shahariar Azad Rabby , Hasmot Ali , Md. Majedul Islam , Sheikh Abujar , Fuad Rahman

Khmer is a low-resource language characterized by a complex script, presenting significant challenges for optical character recognition (OCR). While document printed text recognition has advanced because of available datasets, performance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Marry Kong , Rina Buoy , Sovisal Chenda , Nguonly Taing , Masakazu Iwamura , Koichi Kise

Historical documents such as old books and manuscripts have a high aesthetic value and highly appreciated. Unfortunately, there are some documents cannot be read due to quality problems like faded paper, ink expand, uneven colour tone, torn…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2011-03-30 Hafizan Mat Som , Jasni Mohamad Zain , Amzari Jihadi Ghazali

This study investigates the potential of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly GPT-4o, for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) in low-resource scripts such as Urdu, Albanian, and Tajik, with English serving as a benchmark. Using a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Muhammad Abdullah Sohail , Salaar Masood , Hamza Iqbal

Detection and recognition of text from scans and other images, commonly denoted as Optical Character Recognition (OCR), is a widely used form of automated document processing with a number of methods available. Yet OCR systems still do not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-24 Krzysztof Olejniczak , Milan Šulc

In this paper we describe our efforts to make a bidirectional Congolese Swahili (SWC) to French (FRA) neural machine translation system with the motivation of improving humanitarian translation workflows. For training, we created a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Alp Öktem , Eric DeLuca , Rodrigue Bashizi , Eric Paquin , Grace Tang

This paper discusses how to successfully digitize large-scale historical micro-data by augmenting optical character recognition (OCR) engines with pre- and post-processing methods. Although OCR software has improved dramatically in recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Sergio Correia , Stephan Luck

Arabic Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwriting Recognition (HWR) pose unique challenges due to the cursive and context-sensitive nature of the Arabic script. This study introduces Qalam, a novel foundation model designed for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Gagan Bhatia , El Moatez Billah Nagoudi , Fakhraddin Alwajih , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed

Since 2022 we have been exploring application areas and technologies in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) and modern Natural Language Processing (NLP), such as Large Language Models (LLMs), can be employed to foster the usage and…

Many languages have vast amounts of handwritten texts, such as ancient scripts about folktale stories and historical narratives or contemporary documents and letters. Digitization of those texts has various applications, such as daily…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Ameer Majeed , Hossein Hassani

We present the largest publicly available synthetic OCR benchmark dataset for Indic languages. The collection contains a total of 90k images and their ground truth for 23 Indic languages. OCR model validation in Indic languages require a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Naresh Saini , Promodh Pinto , Aravinth Bheemaraj , Deepak Kumar , Dhiraj Daga , Saurabh Yadav , Srihari Nagaraj

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) for low-resource languages remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of large-scale annotated training datasets. Languages such as Kashmiri, with approximately 7 million speakers and a complex…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Haq Nawaz Malik , Kh Mohmad Shafi , Tanveer Ahmad Reshi