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Multiscale problems are ubiquitous in physics. Numerical simulations of such problems by solving partial differential equations (PDEs) at high resolution are computationally too expensive for many-query scenarios, such as uncertainty…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Hamidreza Eivazi , Jendrik-Alexander Tröger , Stefan Wittek , Stefan Hartmann , Andreas Rausch

Accurate long-term forecasting of spatiotemporal dynamics remains a fundamental challenge across scientific and engineering domains. Existing machine learning methods often neglect governing physical laws and fail to quantify inherent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Qingsong Xu , Jonathan L Bamber , Nils Thuerey , Niklas Boers , Paul Bates , Gustau Camps-Valls , Yilei Shi , Xiao Xiang Zhu

We propose the Factorized Fourier Neural Operator (F-FNO), a learning-based approach for simulating partial differential equations (PDEs). Starting from a recently proposed Fourier representation of flow fields, the F-FNO bridges the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Alasdair Tran , Alexander Mathews , Lexing Xie , Cheng Soon Ong

Neural operators, such as Fourier Neural Operators (FNO), form a principled approach for learning solution operators for PDEs and other mappings between function spaces. However, many real-world problems require high-resolution training…

In scientific and engineering applications, solving partial differential equations (PDEs) across various parameters and domains normally relies on resource-intensive numerical methods. Neural operators based on deep learning offered a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-06-21 Zhiwei Zhao , Changqing Liu , Yingguang Li , Zhibin Chen , Xu Liu

The neural operator (NO) framework has emerged as a powerful tool for solving partial differential equations (PDEs). Recent NOs are dominated by the Transformer architecture, which offers NOs the capability to capture long-range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xi Han , Jingwei Zhang , Dimitris Samaras , Fei Hou , Hong Qin

We describe a framework that can integrate prior physical information, e.g., the presence of kinematic constraints, to support data-driven simulation in multi-body dynamics. Unlike other approaches, e.g., Fully-connected Neural Network…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Jingquan Wang , Shu Wang , Huzaifa Mustafa Unjhawala , Jinlong Wu , Dan Negrut

Next-generation multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, characterized by extremely large-scale arrays, holographic surfaces, three-dimensional architectures, and flexible antennas, are poised to deliver unprecedented data rates,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Jian Xiao , Ji Wang , Qi Sun , Qimei Cui , Xingwang Li , Dusit Niyato , Chih-Lin I

For partial differential equations on domains of arbitrary shapes, existing works of neural operators attempt to learn a mapping from geometries to solutions. It often requires a large dataset of geometry-solution pairs in order to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Ze Cheng , Zhongkai Hao , Xiaoqiang Wang , Jianing Huang , Youjia Wu , Xudan Liu , Yiru Zhao , Songming Liu , Hang Su

Neural operators can learn nonlinear mappings between function spaces and offer a new simulation paradigm for real-time prediction of complex dynamics for realistic diverse applications as well as for system identification in science and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-03-23 Lu Lu , Xuhui Meng , Shengze Cai , Zhiping Mao , Somdatta Goswami , Zhongqiang Zhang , George Em Karniadakis

Neural operators (NOs) are designed to learn maps between infinite-dimensional function spaces. We propose a novel reframing of their use. By introducing an auxiliary base-space, any finite-dimensional function can be viewed as an operator…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Vasilis Niarchos , Angelos Sirbu , Sokratis Trifinopoulos

Neural operators have shown great potential in surrogate modeling. However, training a well-performing neural operator typically requires a substantial amount of data, which can pose a major challenge in complex applications. In such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Keyan Chen , Yile Li , Da Long , Zhitong Xu , Wei Xing , Jacob Hochhalter , Shandian Zhe

Physics-informed neural operators have emerged as a powerful paradigm for solving parametric partial differential equations (PDEs), particularly in the aerospace field, enabling the learning of solution operators that generalize across…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jing Wang , Biao Chen , Hairun Xie , Rui Wang , Yifan Xia , Jifa Zhang , Hui Xu

We present approximation theories and efficient training methods for derivative-informed Fourier neural operators (DIFNOs) with applications to PDE-constrained optimization. A DIFNO is an FNO trained by minimizing its prediction error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Boyuan Yao , Dingcheng Luo , Lianghao Cao , Nikola Kovachki , Thomas O'Leary-Roseberry , Omar Ghattas

Neural Operators (NOs) provide a powerful framework for computations involving physical laws that can be modelled by (integro-) partial differential equations (PDEs), directly learning maps between infinite-dimensional function spaces that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Gianluca Fabiani , Hannes Vandecasteele , Somdatta Goswami , Constantinos Siettos , Ioannis G. Kevrekidis

We present the Physics-Informed Low-Rank Neural Operator (PILNO), a neural operator framework for efficiently approximating solution operators of partial differential equations (PDEs) on point cloud data. PILNO combines low-rank kernel…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-10 Sebastian Schaffer , Lukas Exl

Neural operators have emerged as powerful surrogates for dynamical systems due to their grid-invariant properties and computational efficiency. However, the Fourier-based neural operator framework inherently truncates high-frequency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Tianyue Yang , Xiao Xue

Neural operators have emerged as promising surrogate models for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), but struggle to generalise beyond training distributions and are often constrained to a fixed temporal discretisation. This work…

Partial differential equations (PDEs) govern diverse physical phenomena, yet high-fidelity numerical solutions are computationally expensive and Machine Learning approaches lack generalization. While Scientific Foundation Models (SFMs) aim…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hamda Hmida , Hsiu-Wen Chang , Youssef Mesri

Neural operators (NO) are discretization invariant deep learning methods with functional output and can approximate any continuous operator. NO have demonstrated the superiority of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) over other…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-02-02 Jianguo Huang , Yue Qiu