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Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are a prominent framework for interpretable AI that map learned visual features to a set of meaningful concepts for task-specific downstream predictions. Their sequential structure enhances transparency by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mohamed Harmanani , Bining Long , Zhuoxin Guo , Paul F. R. Wilson , Amirhossein Sabour , Minh Nguyen Nhat To , Gabor Fichtinger , Purang Abolmaesumi , Parvin Mousavi

Deep learning-based medical image classification techniques are rapidly advancing in medical image analysis, making it crucial to develop accurate and trustworthy models that can be efficiently deployed across diverse clinical scenarios.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hangzhou He , Jiachen Tang , Lei Zhu , Kaiwen Li , Yanye Lu

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) ground image classification on human-understandable concepts to allow for interpretable model decisions. Crucially, the CBM design inherently allows for human interventions, in which expert users are given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Nishad Singhi , Jae Myung Kim , Karsten Roth , Zeynep Akata

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are regarded as inherently interpretable because they first predict a set of human-defined concepts which are used to predict a task label. For inherent interpretability to be fully realised, and ensure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

The lack of transparency in the decision-making processes of deep learning systems presents a significant challenge in modern artificial intelligence (AI), as it impairs users' ability to rely on and verify these systems. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance the interpretability of AI systems, particularly by bridging visual input with human-understandable concepts, effectively acting as a form of multimodal interpretability model. However, existing CBMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Songning Lai , Mingqian Liao , Zhangyi Hu , Jiayu Yang , Wenshuo Chen , Hongru Xiao , Jianheng Tang , Haicheng Liao , Yutao Yue

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first map raw input(s) to a vector of human-defined concepts, before using this vector to predict a final classification. We might therefore expect CBMs capable of predicting concepts based on distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Ensuring fairness in image classification prevents models from perpetuating and amplifying bias. Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) map images to high-level, human-interpretable concepts before making predictions via a sparse, one-layer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Schrasing Tong , Antoine Salaun , Vincent Yuan , Annabel Adeyeri , Lalana Kagal

Machine learning is a vital part of many real-world systems, but several concerns remain about the lack of interpretability, explainability and robustness of black-box AI systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) address some of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Hidde Fokkema , Tim van Erven , Sara Magliacane

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs), which predict human-interpretable concepts (e.g., nucleus shapes in cell images) before predicting the final output (e.g., cell type), provide insights into the decision-making processes of the model.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Winnie Pang , Xueyi Ke , Satoshi Tsutsui , Bihan Wen

Interpretable models are designed to make decisions in a human-interpretable manner. Representatively, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) follow a two-step process of concept prediction and class prediction based on the predicted concepts. CBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Eunji Kim , Dahuin Jung , Sangha Park , Siwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) have emerged as critical tools in domains where interpretability is paramount. These models rely on predefined textual descriptions, referred to as concepts, to inform their decision-making process and offer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Maor Dikter , Tsachi Blau , Chaim Baskin

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered much attention for their ability to elucidate the prediction process through a humanunderstandable concept layer. However, most previous studies focused on cases where the data, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Lijie Hu , Chenyang Ren , Zhengyu Hu , Hongbin Lin , Cheng-Long Wang , Hui Xiong , Jingfeng Zhang , Di Wang

Developing high-performing, yet interpretable models remains a critical challenge in modern AI. Concept-based models (CBMs) attempt to address this by extracting human-understandable concepts from a global encoding (e.g., image encoding)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 David Steinmann , Wolfgang Stammer , Antonia Wüst , Kristian Kersting

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to deliver interpretable predictions by routing decisions through a human-understandable concept layer, yet they often suffer reduced accuracy and concept leakage that undermines faithfulness. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Karim Galliamov , Syed M Ahsan Kazmi , Adil Khan , Adín Ramírez Rivera

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to enhance interpretability by predicting human-understandable concepts as intermediates for decision-making. However, these models often face challenges in ensuring reliable concept representations,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yuxuan Cai , Xiyu Wang , Satoshi Tsutsui , Winnie Pang , Bihan Wen

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) are a popular way of creating more interpretable neural networks by having hidden layer neurons correspond to human-understandable concepts. However, existing CBMs and their variants have two crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Tuomas Oikarinen , Subhro Das , Lam M. Nguyen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

Recently impressive performance has been achieved in Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) by utilizing the image-text alignment learned by a large pre-trained vision-language model (i.e. CLIP). However, there exist two key limitations in concept…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minghong Zhong , Guoshuai Zou , Kanghao Chen , Dexia Chen , Ruixuan Wang

Language Bottleneck Models (LBMs) are proposed to achieve interpretable image recognition by classifying images based on textual concept bottlenecks. However, current LBMs simply list all concepts together as the bottleneck layer, leading…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Jianyang Zhang , Qianli Luo , Guowu Yang , Wenjing Yang , Weide Liu , Guosheng Lin , Fengmao Lv