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Reasoning has long been viewed as an emergent property of large language models (LLMs). However, recent studies challenge this assumption, showing that small language models (SLMs) can also achieve competitive reasoning performance. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Gaurav Srivastava , Shuxiang Cao , Xuan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate strong performance as text embedding models when finetuned with supervised contrastive training. However, their large size balloons inference time and memory requirements. In this paper, we show that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Thennal D K , Tim Fischer , Chris Biemann

Large Language Models (LLMs) often falter at complex planning tasks that require exploration and self-correction, as their linear reasoning process struggles to recover from early mistakes. While search algorithms like Monte Carlo Tree…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yifan Zhang , Giridhar Ganapavarapu , Srideepika Jayaraman , Bhavna Agrawal , Dhaval Patel , Achille Fokoue

Recent advances in language models opened new opportunities to address complex schema matching tasks. Schema matching approaches have been proposed that demonstrate the usefulness of language models, but they have also uncovered important…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yurong Liu , Eduardo Pena , Aecio Santos , Eden Wu , Juliana Freire

There is growing interest in improving LLMs without updating model parameters. One well-established direction is test-time scaling, where increased inference-time computation (e.g., longer reasoning, sampling, or search) is used to improve…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Maohao Shen , Kaiwen Zha , Zexue He , Zhang-Wei Hong , Siru Ouyang , J. Jon Ryu , Prasanna Sattigeri , Suhas Diggavi , Gregory Wornell

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing by demonstrating exceptional performance across diverse tasks. This study investigates the impact of the parameter initialization scale on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Junjie Yao , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhi-Qin John Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional reasoning abilities, enabling strong generalization across diverse tasks such as commonsense reasoning and instruction following. However, as LLMs scale, inference costs become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Rhea Sanjay Sukthanker , Benedikt Staffler , Frank Hutter , Aaron Klein

The ongoing evolution of language models has led to the development of large-scale architectures that demonstrate exceptional performance across a wide range of tasks. However, these models come with significant computational and energy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xialie Zhuang , Peixian Ma , Zhikai Jia , Zane Cao , Shiwei Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks in recent years, including machine translation, text generation, and question answering. As their applications extend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Xin Zhang , Yang Cao , Baoxing Wu , Xinyi Chen , Kai Song , Siying Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) face significant limitations when applied to large-scale graphs, struggling with context constraints and inflexible reasoning. We present GraphChain, a framework that enables LLMs to analyze complex graphs…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Chunyu Wei , Wenji Hu , Xingjia Hao , Xin Wang , Yifan Yang , Yueguo Chen , Yang Tian , Yunhai Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on reasoning tasks, yet their logical abilities remain contested. To address this, we study LLMs' reasoning in a well-defined fragment of logic: syllogistic reasoning. We cast the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Leonardo Bertolazzi , Manuel Vargas Guzmán , Raffaella Bernardi , Maciej Malicki , Jakub Szymanik

Large Language Models (LLMs) have succeeded remarkably in various natural language processing (NLP) tasks, yet their reasoning capabilities remain a fundamental challenge. While LLMs exhibit impressive fluency and factual recall, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Avinash Patil , Aryan Jadon

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong capabilities in reproducing and extending patterns observed during pretraining but often struggle to generalize novel ideas beyond their original context. This paper addresses the challenge of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Hong Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning performance, yet their ability to reliably monitor, diagnose, and correct their own errors remains limited. We introduce a psychologically grounded metacognitive framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Abraham Paul Elenjical , Vivek Hruday Kavuri , Vasudeva Varma

Despite recent advances in large language models, open-source models often struggle to consistently perform well on complex reasoning tasks. Existing ensemble methods, whether applied at the token or output levels, fail to address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Sungjin Park , Xiao Liu , Yeyun Gong , Edward Choi

Inference-time scaling strategies, particularly Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), have significantly enhanced the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, current approaches remain predominantly stateless, discarding…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Hao Lu , Haoyuan Huang , Yulin Zhou , Chen Li , Ningxin Zhu

In recent years, language models have drastically grown in size, and the abilities of these models have been shown to improve with scale. The majority of recent scaling laws studies focused on high-compute high-parameter count settings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Vijeta Deshpande , Dan Pechi , Shree Thatte , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky

Training large language models (LLMs) typically involves pre-training on massive corpora, only to restart the process entirely when new data becomes available. A more efficient and resource-conserving approach would be continual…

Large Language Models offer impressive language capabilities but suffer from well-known limitations, including hallucinations, biases, privacy concerns, and high computational costs. These issues are largely driven by the combination of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jaime Collado-Montañez , L. Alfonso Ureña-López , Arturo Montejo-Ráez

LLM-based agents can autonomously accomplish complex tasks across various domains. However, to further cultivate capabilities such as adaptive behavior and long-term decision-making, training on static datasets built from human-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Yuchen Huang , Sijia Li , Minghao Liu , Wei Liu , Shijue Huang , Zhiyuan Fan , Hou Pong Chan , Yi R. Fung
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