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This article delves into the Hopfield neural network model, drawing inspiration from biological neural systems. The exploration begins with an overview of the model's foundations, incorporating insights from mechanical statistics to deepen…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-29 Matteo Silvestri

The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) have been widely used for their capacity to model complex temporal behaviour. However, their internal dynamics often remain difficult to interpret. In this paper, we propose a new class of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-11-17 Miguel Aguilera , Daniele De Martino , Ivan Garashchuk , Dmitry Sinelshchikov

Firing rate models are dynamical systems widely used in applied and theoretical neuroscience to describe local cortical dynamics in neuronal populations. By providing a macroscopic perspective of neuronal activity, these models are…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-03 Simone Betteti , Giacomo Baggio , Francesco Bullo , Sandro Zampieri

Storing memory for molecular recognition is an efficient strategy for responding to external stimuli. Biological processes use different strategies to store memory. In the olfactory cortex, synaptic connections form when stimulated by an…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-06-07 Oskar H Schnaack , Luca Peliti , Armita Nourmohammad

When do language diffusion models memorize their training data, and how to quantitatively assess their true generative regime? We address these questions by showing that Uniform-based Discrete Diffusion Models (UDDMs) fundamentally behave…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Bao Pham , Mohammed J. Zaki , Luca Ambrogioni , Dmitry Krotov , Matteo Negri

We report on both analytical and numerical results concerning stochastic Hopfield--like neural automata exhibiting the following (biologically inspired) features: (1) Neurons and synapses evolve in time as in contact with respective baths…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. J. Torres , J. Marro , P. L. Garrido , J. M. Cortes , F. Ramos , M. A. Munoz

In this study we introduce a novel energy functional for long-sequence memory, building upon the framework of dense Hopfield networks which achieves exponential storage capacity through higher-order interactions. Building upon earlier work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ahmed Farooq

The primate heteromodal cortex presents an evident functional modularity at a mesoscopic level, with physiological and anatomical evidence pointing to it as likely substrate of long-term memory. In order to investigate some of its…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-09 Carlo Fulvi Mari

Associative memory models retrieve stored information through content-based addressing, mimicking the neural processes of animal brains. The classical Hopfield network-based models store memories as vectors of discrete values and have good…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-21 Nurani Rajagopal Rohan , V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy , Sayan Gupta

The standard Hopfield model for associative neural networks accounts for biological Hebbian learning and acts as the harmonic oscillator for pattern recognition, however its maximal storage capacity is $\alpha \sim 0.14$, far from the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Alberto Fachechi , Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

Neuron models of associative memory provide a new and prospective technology for reliable date storage and patterns recognition. However, even when the patterns are uncorrelated, the efficiency of most known models of associative memory is…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 B. V. Kryzhanovsky , L. B. Litinskii , A. Fonarev

The Hopfield model is a pioneering neural network model with associative memory retrieval. The analytical solution of the model in mean field limit revealed that memories can be retrieved without any error up to a finite storage capacity of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-10-31 Do-Hyun Kim , Jinha Park , B. Kahng

High-capacity associative memory models, such as Kernel Logistic Regression (KLR) Hopfield networks, have demonstrated strong storage capabilities but typically rely on computationally expensive synchronous updates. This reliance poses a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Akira Tamamori

Several guiding principles for thought processes are proposed and a neural-network-type model implementing these principles is presented and studied. We suggest to consider thinking within an associative network built-up of overlapping…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2007-05-23 Claudius Gros

Associative memory architectures such as the Hopfield network have long been important conceptual and theoretical models for neuroscience and artificial intelligence. However, translating these abstract models into spiking neural networks…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-02 William F. Podlaski , Christian K. Machens

Content-addressable memories such as Modern Hopfield Networks (MHN) have been studied as mathematical models of auto-association and storage/retrieval in the human declarative memory, yet their practical use for large-scale content storage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Satyananda Kashyap , Niharika S. D'Souza , Luyao Shi , Ken C. L. Wong , Hongzhi Wang , Tanveer Syeda-Mahmood

We study analytically and numerically a Hopfield fully-connected network with $d$-dimensional vector spins. These networks are models of associative memory that generalize the standard Hopfield with Ising spins, where $P$ examples are…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-02-17 Flavio Nicoletti , Francesco D'Amico , Matteo Negri

We introduce a Hopfield-type associative memory in which effective connectivity is multiplicatively modulated by astrocytic gains evolving under an entropy-regularized replicator equation. The coupled neuron-astrocyte dynamics admit a…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2026-04-29 Arnau Vivet , Alex Arenas

Learning or memory formation are associated with the strengthening of the synaptic connections between neurons according to a pattern reflected by the input. According to this theory a retained memory sequence is associated to a dynamic…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-03-23 Pascal Chossat , Martin Krupa