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In mathematics and computer algebra, automatic differentiation (AD) is a set of techniques to evaluate the derivative of a function specified by a computer program. AD exploits the fact that every computer program, no matter how…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Vassil Vassilev , Aleksandr Efremov , Oksana Shadura

Automatic differentiation is involved for long in applied mathematics as an alternative to finite difference to improve the accuracy of numerical computation of derivatives. Each time a numerical minimization is involved, automatic…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2017-06-08 Sébastien Geeraert , Charles-Albert Lehalle , Barak Pearlmutter , Olivier Pironneau , Adil Reghai

Automatic differentiation (AD) aims to compute derivatives of user-defined functions, but in Turing-complete languages, this simple specification does not fully capture AD's behavior: AD sometimes disagrees with the true derivative of a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Alexander K. Lew , Mathieu Huot , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Automatic differentiation (AD) in reverse mode (RAD) is a central component of deep learning and other uses of large-scale optimization. Commonly used RAD algorithms such as backpropagation, however, are complex and stateful, hindering deep…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-10-03 Conal Elliott

Automatic differentiation---the mechanical transformation of numeric computer programs to calculate derivatives efficiently and accurately---dates to the origin of the computer age. Reverse mode automatic differentiation both antedates and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-30 Atilim Gunes Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter

This article aims to demonstrate and discuss the applications of automatic differentiation (AD) for finding derivatives in PDE-constrained optimization problems and Jacobians in non-linear finite element analysis. The main idea is to…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-03 Julian Andrej , Tzanio Kolev , Boyan Lazarov

Machine learning and neural network models in particular have been improving the state of the art performance on many artificial intelligence related tasks. Neural network models are typically implemented using frameworks that perform…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Davan Harrison

Simulation-based optimization using agent-based models is typically carried out under the assumption that the gradient describing the sensitivity of the simulation output to the input cannot be evaluated directly. To still apply…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Philipp Andelfinger

Derivative-based algorithms are ubiquitous in statistics, machine learning, and applied mathematics. Automatic differentiation offers an algorithmic way to efficiently evaluate these derivatives from computer programs that execute relevant…

Computation · Statistics 2022-03-01 Charles C. Margossian , Michael Betancourt

In this paper we introduce DiffSharp, an automatic differentiation (AD) library designed with machine learning in mind. AD is a family of techniques that evaluate derivatives at machine precision with only a small constant factor of…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2015-11-30 Atilim Gunes Baydin , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Automatic differentiation plays a prominent role in scientific computing and in modern machine learning, often in the context of powerful programming systems. The relation of the various embodiments of automatic differentiation to the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Martin Abadi , Gordon D. Plotkin

Optimizing neural networks with loss that contain high-dimensional and high-order differential operators is expensive to evaluate with back-propagation due to $\mathcal{O}(d^{k})$ scaling of the derivative tensor size and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Zekun Shi , Zheyuan Hu , Min Lin , Kenji Kawaguchi

This article provides an overview of some of the mathematical principles of Automatic Differentiation (AD). In particular, we summarise different descriptions of the Forward Mode of AD, like the matrix-vector product based approach, the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-07-07 Philipp H. W. Hoffmann

We derive algorithms for higher order derivative computation of the rectangular $QR$ and eigenvalue decomposition of symmetric matrices with distinct eigenvalues in the forward and reverse mode of algorithmic differentiation (AD) using…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2010-02-19 S. F. Walter , L. Lehmann

Automatic differentiation (AD) is a set of techniques that systematically applies the chain rule to compute the gradients of functions without requiring human intervention. Although the fundamentals of this technology were established…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Afif Boudaoud , Alexandru Calotoiu , Marcin Copik , Torsten Hoefler

A characteristic feature of differential-algebraic equations is that one needs to find derivatives of some of their equations with respect to time, as part of so called index reduction or regularisation, to prepare them for numerical…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-03-28 John D. Pryce , Nedialko S. Nedialkov , Guangning Tan , Xiao Li

Higher order derivatives of functions are structured high dimensional objects which lend themselves to many alternative representations, with the most popular being multi-index, matrix and tensor representations. The choice between them…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-12-01 José E. Chacón , Tarn Duong

Forward Automatic Differentiation (AD) is a technique for augmenting programs to compute derivatives. The essence of Forward AD is to attach perturbations to each number, and propagate these through the computation. When derivatives are…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Oleksandr Manzyuk , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Alexey Andreyevich Radul , David R. Rush , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Automatic differentiation (AD), a technique for constructing new programs which compute the derivative of an original program, has become ubiquitous throughout scientific computing and deep learning due to the improved performance afforded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Gaurav Arya , Moritz Schauer , Frank Schäfer , Chris Rackauckas

This paper presents a novel optimization for differentiable programming named coarsening optimization. It offers a systematic way to synergize symbolic differentiation and algorithmic differentiation (AD). Through it, the granularity of the…