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Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in complex visual tasks through the integration of Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning. However, in Video Question Answering, extended thinking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiaokun Sun , Yubo Wang , Haoyu Cao , Linli Xu

As humans increasingly rely on multiround conversational AI for high stakes decisions, principled frameworks are needed to ensure such interactions reliably improve decision quality. We adopt a human centric view governed by two principles:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sima Noorani , Shayan Kiyani , Hamed Hassani , George Pappas

While modern AI continues to advance, the biological brain remains the pinnacle of neural networks in its robustness, adaptability, and efficiency. This review explores an AI architectural path inspired by the brain's structure,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-18 Mia-Katrin Kvalsund , Mikkel Elle Lepperød

This article provides an analytical framework for how to simulate human-like thought processes within a computer. It describes how attention and memory should be structured, updated, and utilized to search for associative additions to the…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-15 Jared Edward Reser

Recently, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have been widely applied to reasoning tasks. However, they suffer from limited multi-rationale semantic modeling, insufficient logical robustness, and are susceptible to misleading…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Chuang Yu , Jinmiao Zhao , Mingxuan Zhao , Yunpeng Liu , Xiujun Shu , Yuanhao Feng , Bo Wang , Xiangyu Yue

Given that rich information is hidden behind ubiquitous numbers in text, numerical reasoning over text should be an essential skill of AI systems. To derive precise equations to solve numerical reasoning problems, previous work focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Zhihong Shao , Fei Huang , Minlie Huang

Structured neuron encapsulation introduces a modular framework that enables more effective aggregation and specialization of information within deep learning architectures. A model modified through this framework demonstrated improved…

Analogy is core to human cognition. It allows us to solve problems based on prior experience, it governs the way we conceptualize new information, and it even influences our visual perception. The importance of analogy to humans has made it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Maxwell Crouse , Constantine Nakos , Ibrahim Abdelaziz , Kenneth Forbus

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a fundamental paradigm for addressing the challenges faced by large language models in handling real-time information and domain-specific problems. Traditional RAG systems primarily rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-11 YiHan Jiao , ZheHao Tan , Dan Yang , DuoLin Sun , Jie Feng , Yue Shen , Jian Wang , Peng Wei

Contemporary ML separates the static structure of parameters from the dynamic flow of inference, yielding systems that lack the sample efficiency and thermodynamic frugality of biological cognition. In this theoretical work, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xin Li

In the age of generative AI and ubiquitous digital tools, human cognition faces a structural paradox: as external aids become more capable, internal memory systems risk atrophy. Drawing on neuroscience and cognitive psychology, this paper…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Barbara Oakley , Michael Johnston , Ken-Zen Chen , Eulho Jung , Terrence J. Sejnowski

Recent advances in general-purpose AI systems with attention-based transformers offer a potential window into how the neocortex and cerebellum, despite their relatively uniform circuit architectures, give rise to diverse functions and,…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-03 Shogo Ohmae , Keiko Ohmae

Although existing models can interact with humans and provide satisfactory responses, they lack the ability to act autonomously or engage in independent reasoning. Furthermore, input data in these models is typically provided as explicit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Slimane Larabi

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI) has renewed interest in building systems that learn and think like people. Many advances have come from using deep neural networks trained end-to-end in tasks such as object recognition, video…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-03 Brenden M. Lake , Tomer D. Ullman , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Samuel J. Gershman

"Cognitive synergy" refers to a dynamic in which multiple cognitive processes, cooperating to control the same cognitive system, assist each other in overcoming bottlenecks encountered during their internal processing. Cognitive synergy has…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Ben Goertzel

Large language models are often described as capable of reflective reasoning, yet recursive self-evaluation without external feedback frequently yields reformulation rather than progress. We test this prediction in a cross-provider study of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Bentley DeVilling

What explains the dramatic progress from 20th-century to 21st-century AI, and how can the remaining limitations of current AI be overcome? The widely accepted narrative attributes this progress to massive increases in the quantity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Paul Smolensky , R. Thomas McCoy , Roland Fernandez , Matthew Goldrick , Jianfeng Gao

Addressing the complexity of comprehensive information retrieval, this study introduces an innovative, iterative retrieval-augmented generation system. Our approach uniquely integrates a vector-space driven re-ranking mechanism with…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Arash Shahmansoori

This paper introduces an interdisciplinary framework called Machine Psychology, which merges principles from operant learning psychology with a specific Artificial Intelligence model, the Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS), to enhance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Robert Johansson

Large language models (LLMs) excel in complex tasks through advanced prompting techniques like Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and Tree-of-Thought (ToT), but their reliance on manually crafted, task-specific prompts limits adaptability and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Tao Xiong , Xavier Hu , Wenyan Fan , Shengyu Zhang