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Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalisation is considered a hallmark of human and animal intelligence. To achieve OOD through composition, a system must discover the environment-invariant properties of experienced input-output mappings and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 George Dimitriadis , Spyridon Samothrakis

Gradient-based meta-learning (GBML) algorithms are able to fast adapt to new tasks by transferring the learned meta-knowledge, while assuming that all tasks come from the same distribution (in-distribution, ID). However, in the real world,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Min Zhang , Zifeng Zhuang , Zhitao Wang , Donglin Wang , Wenbin Li

Graph Neural Network (GNN) has demonstrated extraordinary performance in classifying graph properties. However, due to the selection bias of training and testing data (e.g., training on small graphs and testing on large graphs, or training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Bin Lu , Xiaoying Gan , Ze Zhao , Shiyu Liang , Luoyi Fu , Xinbing Wang , Chenghu Zhou

Although distributed machine learning has opened up many new and exciting research frontiers, fragmentation of models and data across different machines, nodes, and sites still results in considerable communication overhead, impeding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Bradley T. Baker , Aashis Khanal , Vince D. Calhoun , Barak Pearlmutter , Sergey M. Plis

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies at the heart of robust artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to identify samples from novel distributions beyond the training set. Recent approaches have exploited feature representations as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tarhib Al Azad , Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

Machine learning models often fail to generalize well under distributional shifts. Understanding and overcoming these failures have led to a research field of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization. Despite being extensively studied for…

Most existing deep learning models are trained based on the closed-world assumption, where the test data is assumed to be drawn i.i.d. from the same distribution as the training data, known as in-distribution (ID). However, when models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-09 Yixin Liu , Kaize Ding , Huan Liu , Shirui Pan

Time series remains one of the most challenging modalities in machine learning research. The out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and generalization on time series tend to suffer due to its non-stationary property, i.e., the distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Wang Lu , Jindong Wang , Xinwei Sun , Yiqiang Chen , Xiangyang Ji , Qiang Yang , Xing Xie

Distribution shifts introduce uncertainty that undermines the robustness and generalization capabilities of machine learning models. While conventional wisdom suggests that learning causal-invariant representations enhances robustness to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Rebekka Burkholz , Krikamol Muandet

Harnessing the power of diffusion models to synthesize auxiliary training data based on latent space features has proven effective in enhancing out-of-distribution (OOD) detection performance. However, extracting effective features outside…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Qilin Liao , Shuo Yang , Bo Zhao , Ping Luo , Hengshuang Zhao

Real-life machine learning problems exhibit distributional shifts in the data from one time to another or from one place to another. This behavior is beyond the scope of the traditional empirical risk minimization paradigm, which assumes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Timothy DeLise

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) Generalization aims to learn robust models that generalize well to various environments without fitting to distribution-specific features. Recent studies based on Lottery Ticket Hypothesis (LTH) address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhuo Huang , Muyang Li , Li Shen , Jun Yu , Chen Gong , Bo Han , Tongliang Liu

Can modifying the training data distribution guide optimizers toward solutions with improved generalization when training large language models (LLMs)? In this work, we theoretically analyze an in-context linear regression model with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Tushaar Gangavarapu , Jiping Li , Christopher Vattheuer , Zhangyang Wang , Baharan Mirzasoleiman

Since out-of-distribution generalization is a generally ill-posed problem, various proxy targets (e.g., calibration, adversarial robustness, algorithmic corruptions, invariance across shifts) were studied across different research programs…

In the context of modern machine learning, models deployed in real-world scenarios often encounter diverse data shifts like covariate and semantic shifts, leading to challenges in both out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization and detection.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Han Wang , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial to modern deep learning applications by identifying and alerting about the OOD samples that should not be tested or used for making predictions. Current OOD detection methods have made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Xinheng Wu , Jie Lu , Zhen Fang , Guangquan Zhang

Machine learning-assisted retrosynthesis prediction models have been gaining widespread adoption, though their performances oftentimes degrade significantly when deployed in real-world applications embracing out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Yemin Yu , Luotian Yuan , Ying Wei , Hanyu Gao , Xinhai Ye , Zhihua Wang , Fei Wu

It is crucial to detect when an instance lies downright too far from the training samples for the machine learning model to be trusted, a challenge known as out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. For neural networks, one approach to this task…

We study the Out-of-Distribution (OOD) generalization in machine learning and propose a general framework that establishes information-theoretic generalization bounds. Our framework interpolates freely between Integral Probability Metric…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Wenliang Liu , Guanding Yu , Lele Wang , Renjie Liao

A majority of recent work in AI assesses models' generalization capabilities through the lens of performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) datasets. Despite their practicality, such evaluations build upon a strong assumption: that OOD…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Michal Štefánik , Timothee Mickus , Marek Kadlčík , Michal Spiegel , Josef Kuchař