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In user-agent interaction scenarios such as recommendation, brainstorming, and code suggestion, Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate sets of candidate recommendations where the objective is to maximize the collective utility of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Rui Ai , Yu Pan , David Simchi-Levi , Chonghuan Wang

Best-of-N selection is a key technique for improving the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) through increased test-time computation. Current state-of-the-art methods often employ computationally intensive reward models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Zhewei Kang , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable emergent abilities across various tasks, yet fall short of complex reasoning and planning tasks. The tree-search-based reasoning methods address this by surpassing the capabilities of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Zhenglin Wang , Jialong Wu , Yilong Lai , Congzhi Zhang , Deyu Zhou

Speculative decoding (SD) has become a popular technique to accelerate Large Language Model (LLM) inference, yet its real-world effectiveness remains unclear as prior evaluations rely on research prototypes and unrealistically small batch…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Xiaoxuan Liu , Jiaxiang Yu , Jongseok Park , Ion Stoica , Alvin Cheung

Scientific innovation is pivotal for humanity, and harnessing large language models (LLMs) to generate research ideas could transform discovery. However, existing LLMs often produce simplistic and repetitive suggestions due to their limited…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Xiang Hu , Hongyu Fu , Jinge Wang , Yifeng Wang , Zhikun Li , Renjun Xu , Yu Lu , Yaochu Jin , Lili Pan , Zhenzhong Lan

Despite rapid development, large language models (LLMs) still encounter challenges in multi-turn decision-making tasks (i.e., agent tasks) like web shopping and browser navigation, which require making a sequence of intelligent decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhiheng Xi , Chenyang Liao , Guanyu Li , Yajie Yang , Wenxiang Chen , Zhihao Zhang , Binghai Wang , Senjie Jin , Yuhao Zhou , Jian Guan , Wei Wu , Tao Ji , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Recent work on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has shown that large language models (LLMs) can be substantially improved using outcome-level verification signals, such as unit tests for code or exact-match checks for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Massimiliano Pronesti , Anya Belz , Yufang Hou

Conventional recommendation systems (RSs) are typically optimized to enhance performance metrics uniformly across all training samples, inadvertently overlooking the needs of diverse user populations. The performance disparity among various…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kirandeep Kaur , Vinayak Gupta , Manya Chadha , Chirag Shah

Large language models (LLMs) are limited by substantial computational cost. We introduce a "computational economics" framework that treats an LLM as an internal economy of resource-constrained agents (attention heads and neuron blocks) that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Sandeep Reddy , Kabir Khan , Rohit Patil , Ananya Chakraborty , Faizan A. Khan , Swati Kulkarni , Arjun Verma , Neha Singh

We explore how large language models (LLMs) can enhance the proposal selection process at large user facilities, offering a scalable, consistent, and cost-effective alternative to traditional human review. Proposal selection depends on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Lijie Ding , Janell Thomson , Jon Taylor , Changwoo Do

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant progress in performing complex tasks. While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) has been effective in aligning LLMs with human preferences, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Chaoqi Wang , Zhuokai Zhao , Yibo Jiang , Zhaorun Chen , Chen Zhu , Yuxin Chen , Jiayi Liu , Lizhu Zhang , Xiangjun Fan , Hao Ma , Sinong Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have been widely deployed across numerous fields. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) leverages reward models (RMs) as proxies for human preferences to align LLM behaviors with human values, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shuyi Zhang , Wei Shi , Sihang Li , Jiayi Liao , Hengxing Cai , Xiang Wang

Planning in complex environments requires an agent to efficiently query a world model to find a feasible sequence of actions from start to goal. Recent work has shown that Large Language Models (LLMs), with their rich prior knowledge and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Gonzalo Gonzalez-Pumariega , Wayne Chen , Kushal Kedia , Sanjiban Choudhury

The ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to extract context from natural language problem descriptions naturally raises questions about their suitability in autonomous decision-making settings. This paper studies the behaviour of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Xiao Yang , Juxi Leitner , Michael Burke

Although Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved notable success in numerous robotic applications, designing a high-performing reward function remains a challenging task that often requires substantial manual input. Recently, Large…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Jiayang Song , Zhehua Zhou , Jiawei Liu , Chunrong Fang , Zhan Shu , Lei Ma

Effective training-time guidance is central to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), yet remains difficult in sparse-reward settings where weak supervision limits coordination and policy improvement, and existing methods often require…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xiaoguang Wu , Zhi Zheng , Hui Xiong

The functionality of Large Language Model (LLM) agents is primarily determined by two capabilities: action planning and answer summarization. The former, action planning, is the core capability that dictates an agent's performance. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhiwei Li , Yong Hu , Wenqing Wang

The safe and effective deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) involves a critical step called alignment, which ensures that the model's responses are in accordance with human preferences. Prevalent alignment techniques, such as DPO, PPO…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Hanshi Sun , Momin Haider , Ruiqi Zhang , Huitao Yang , Jiahao Qiu , Ming Yin , Mengdi Wang , Peter Bartlett , Andrea Zanette

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly deployed for complex, multi-step software engineering (SWE) tasks. However, their trajectories often contain costly inefficiencies, such as redundant exploration, looping, and failure to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Shubham Gandhi , Jason Tsay , Jatin Ganhotra , Kiran Kate , Yara Rizk

Large Language Models (LLMs) consistently benefit from scaled Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning, but also suffer from heavy computational overhead. To address this issue, efficient reasoning aims to incentivize short yet accurate thinking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Taiqiang Wu , Zenan Xu , Bo Zhou , Ngai Wong
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