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Reinforcement Learning (RL)-based post-training has significantly advanced the complex reasoning capabilities of language models, fostering sophisticated self-reflection processes. However, this ``slow thinking'' paradigm presents a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Xu Wan , Wei Wang , Wenyue Xu , Wotao Yin , Jie Song , Mingyang Sun

While reasoning has become a central capability of large language models (LLMs), the reasoning patterns required for different scenarios are often misaligned. Mathematical reasoning typically relies on intrinsic logic to solve closed-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Junjian Wang , Xin Zhou , Qiran Xu , Kun Zhan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated emergent capabilities across diverse reasoning tasks via popular Chains-of-Thought (COT) prompting. However, such a simple and fast COT approach often encounters limitations in dealing with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiabao Pan , Yan Zhang , Chen Zhang , Zuozhu Liu , Hongwei Wang , Haizhou Li

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements, with the test-time scaling law consistently enhancing the reasoning capabilities. Through systematic evaluation and exploration of a diverse spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenyang Shao , Sijian Ren , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Enhancing LLMs with the ability to actively search external knowledge is crucial for complex and real-world tasks. Current approaches either rely on prompting to elicit the model's innate agent capabilities, or suffer from performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Chenyang Gu , Yewen Pu , Bruce Yang , Xiaofan Li , Huan Gao

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has significantly advanced large language models (LLMs) by grounding their outputs in external tools and knowledge sources. However, existing RAG systems are typically constrained to static, single-turn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Jubin Abhishek Soni , Amit Anand , Rajesh Kumar Pandey , Aniket Abhishek Soni

Inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition from \textit{Thinking, Fast and Slow}, we introduce \textbf{PRIME} (Planning and Retrieval-Integrated Memory for Enhanced Reasoning), a multi-agent reasoning framework that dynamically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Hieu Tran , Zonghai Yao , Nguyen Luong Tran , Zhichao Yang , Feiyun Ouyang , Shuo Han , Razieh Rahimi , Hong Yu

Strategic reasoning enables agents to cooperate, communicate, and compete with other agents in diverse situations. Existing approaches to solving strategic games rely on extensive training, yielding strategies that do not generalize to new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Kanishk Gandhi , Dorsa Sadigh , Noah D. Goodman

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs) explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps prior to generating final answers, helping the model excel in complex problem-solving. In this paper, we demonstrate that this emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tong Wu , Chong Xiang , Jiachen T. Wang , G. Edward Suh , Prateek Mittal

Real-time human-artificial intelligence (AI) collaboration is crucial yet challenging, especially when AI agents must adapt to diverse and unseen human behaviors in dynamic scenarios. Existing large language model (LLM) agents often fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Xiyun Li , Yining Ding , Yuhua Jiang , Yunlong Zhao , Runpeng Xie , Shuang Xu , Yuanhua Ni , Yiqin Yang , Bo Xu

Reinforcement learning (RL) agents are often designed specifically for a particular problem and they generally have uninterpretable working processes. Statistical methods-based agent algorithms can be improved in terms of generalizability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Faruk Kucuksubasi , Elif Surer

Vision-Language-Action (VLA) tasks require reasoning over complex visual scenes and executing adaptive actions in dynamic environments. While recent studies on reasoning VLAs show that explicit chain-of-thought (CoT) can improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Chi-Pin Huang , Yunze Man , Zhiding Yu , Min-Hung Chen , Jan Kautz , Yu-Chiang Frank Wang , Fu-En Yang

Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) is a key technique in program analysis, widely used in software testing, vulnerability discovery, and formal verification. In distributed AI systems, DSE plays a crucial role in identifying hard-to-detect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Ruoxi Wang , Kun Li , Minghui Xu , Yue Zhang , Kaidi Xu , Chunchi Liu , Yinhao Xiao , Xiuzhen Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) excel at complex tasks thanks to advances in their reasoning abilities. However, existing methods overlook the trade-off between reasoning effectiveness and efficiency, often encouraging unnecessarily long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Jingyao Wang , Wenwen Qiang , Zeen Song , Changwen Zheng , Hui Xiong

The development of autonomous web agents, powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) and reinforcement learning (RL), represents a significant step towards general-purpose AI assistants. However, training these agents is severely hampered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hang Ding , Peidong Liu , Junqiao Wang , Ziwei Ji , Meng Cao , Rongzhao Zhang , Lynn Ai , Eric Yang , Tianyu Shi , Lei Yu

User simulators serve as the critical interactive environment for agent post-training, and an ideal user simulator generalizes across domains and proactively engages in negotiation by challenging or bargaining. However, current methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Feng Zhang , Shijia Li , Chunmao Zhang , Zhanyu Ma , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Jingwen Xu , Han Liu

Remaining competitive in future conflicts with technologically-advanced competitors requires us to accelerate our research and development in artificial intelligence (AI) for wargaming. More importantly, leveraging machine learning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Scotty Black , Christian Darken

Artificial Intelligence is moving from models that only generate text to Agentic AI, where systems behave as autonomous entities that can perceive, reason, plan, and act. Large Language Models (LLMs) are no longer used only as passive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Arunkumar V , Gangadharan G. R. , Rajkumar Buyya

This paper presents ThinkTank, a comprehensive and scalable framework designed to transform specialized AI agent systems into versatile collaborative intelligence platforms capable of supporting complex problem-solving across diverse…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Praneet Sai Madhu Surabhi , Dheeraj Reddy Mudireddy , Jian Tao

In recent research advancements within the community, large language models (LLMs) have sparked great interest in creating autonomous agents. However, current prompt-based agents often heavily rely on large-scale LLMs. Meanwhile, although…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xueyang Feng , Bo Lan , Quanyu Dai , Lei Wang , Jiakai Tang , Xu Chen , Zhenhua Dong , Ji-Rong Wen